- Vitamin A

- Vitamin D

- Vitamin E

- Vitamin K

- B Vitamins: Biotin, Niacin, Riboflavin, Thiamin, B12, B6, Folate, Pantothenic Acid

- Vitamin C

- Sodium

- Chloride

- Potassium

- Calcium

- Phosphorus

- Magnesium

- Sulfur

- Iron

- Zinc

- Selenium

- Copper

- Iodine

- Manganese

- Fluoride

- Chromium

- Molybdenum

- B-complex vitamins are important for energy metabolism. 

- B-complex vitamins and their coenzymes

1.) Thiamin (TPP)                               5.) Riboflavin (FAD, FMN)

2.) Niacin (NAD)                                6.) Vitamin b6 (PLP

3.) Folate (DHF, THF)                        7.) Vitamin B12 (B12)

4.) Biotin (biotin)                                 8.) Pantothenic acid (CoA)

- Vitamin B1

- Coenzyme is thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) that is required for carbohydrate metabolism through the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and Carbon dioxide. 

- Also plays a role in conversion of 5-C to 4-C in TCA cycle. 

- Found in enriched and whole grain products. 

- Destroyed by heat. 

- RDA: 1.2 mg/day for men

- RDA: 1.1 mg/day for women

- Thiamin deficiency caused by undernutrition and alcoholism. 

- Muscle weakness and nerbe damage, as well as muscle wasting, enlarged heart with cardiac damage and pitting edema. 

- Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in alcoholics. 

- Vitamin B2

- Coenzymes are FAD&FMN which donate and accept Hydrogen ions. 

- FAD carries hydrogen ions from TCA cycle to ETC. 

- Milk is the best food source. 

- Easily destroyed by exposure to UV light

- RDA: 1.3 mg/day for men

- RDA: 1.1 mg/day for women

- Coenzymes are NAD and NADP which assist with metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids and alcohol. 

- RDA: 16mg/day for men.

- RDA: 14mg/day for women.

- Niacin Deficiency leading to the 4 D's: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death. 

- Corn based diets led to this in the 1900's, because corn is low in niacin and high in Leu which interferes in Trp, the niacin conversion. 

- Coenzyme involved in metabolism of carbohydrates, fat, and proteins and is important for glucogenesis. 

- Biotin delivers a C to replenish oxaloacetate in TCA cycle.

- Component of coenzyme A (CoA) used to form acetyl CoA in the TCA cycle. 

- It is involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters, lipids, steroid hormones, and hemoglobin. 

- Easily destroyed by food processing and deficiencies are very rare but result in a general failure of body systems. 

- 3 forms: pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine. 

- Coenzyme (PLP), and functions in amino acid metabolism that assits in transfer of amino groups (transaminases).

- Conversion of tryptophan to niacin or serotonin. 

- Synthesis or hemeglobin and nucleic acids. 

- Easily destroyed by heat. 

- RDA : 1.3 mg/day

- UL : 10 mg/day

- Toxicity can result in nerve damage and skin lesions. 

- Deficiency results in scaly dermatitis, anemia, depression, confusion and convulsions. 

- Coenzyme (THF) is involved in the transfer of one-C compounds during metabolism. 

- Requires B12 to remove methyl group to activate.

- Functions to help DNA synthesis for rapidly growing cells, and maintenance of GI tract. 

- It is critical for cell divisio of very early embryos. 

- Easily destoyed by heat and oxygen. 

- RDA : 400 ug/day

- UL : 1000 ug/day

- Affects rapidly dividing cells. 

- Macrocytic anemia. 

- GI tract deteriotates and fails to absorb nutrients.

- In pregnancy, there are neural tube defects (NTDs).

- B12 enzymes are important for blood cell formation. 

- Required for nerve function and growth. 

- Found only in animal based foods and fortified cereals. 

- Acid and pepsin in stomach release B12.They bind to the Instrinctic Factor (IF) and absorbed in distal small intestine. 

- RDA: 2.4 ug/day

- Vitamin B12 deficiency resulting in anemia, fatigue, low energy, shortness of breath, and nerve damage. 

- A vitamin-like compound that is ingested in foods and synthesized from methionine. 

- Accelertes synthesis of neurotransmitter acetylcholine and the synthesis of phospholipids. 

- Deficiency can lead to liver damage through fat accumulation. 

- Assists with glucose transport by insulin, from the blood into the cells. 

- Very little chromium in the body. 

- Deficiency inhibits glucose absoroption. 

- Coenzyme involved in energy metabolism, part of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase. 

- Necessary for bone formation. 

- Toxicity impairs nerbous system causing remors and spasms. 

- A component of thiamin and biotin required for detoxification of alcohol and drugs. 

- Found in few amino acids.