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Nutrient Requirements livestock concepts
part of test 2
131
Agriculture
Undergraduate 4
03/05/2017

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Term
Our expectation of a productive female
Definition
-Maintain her body weight / condition
-Deliver a live offspring without difficulty
-Come into heat promptly
-Conceive early in the breeding season
-Nourish a developing fetus
-Adequately nurse the offspring through to weaning
-Milk production
Term
The first thing the energy from the forage is gonna be used for
Definition
maintenance
Term
how to calculate Nutrients Needed in Supplement
Definition
Animal Nutrient Requirements - Nutrients Supplied by Forage = Nutrients Needed in Supplement
Term
What is the overall objective of the feeding / supplementation program?
Definition
-Extend the forage base
-Meet nutritional deficiencies
-Alter cow production

You have to know where you want to go before you can get there.
Term
the main tool for a cow to accomplish her assignment
Definition
adequate nutrition
Term
to meet nutrient needs, you have to extend...
Definition
the forage base
Term
Basic Required Nutrients for livestocy
Definition
-Water
-Protein
-Minerals
-Vitamins
-Fats
-Energy
Term
some factors that may alter the nutrient requirements of cattle
Definition
-age
-level of production
-breed
-stage of physiology
Term
the most important contributor of minerals to limestock
Definition
forage
Term
macro-minerals
Definition
needed in >1g/day
Term
micro-minerals
Definition
needed in <1g/day
Term
why minerals are important for livestock
Definition
Essential for basic physiological processes
Term
some macro-minerals
Definition
-K
-Mg
-Na
-S
-P
-Ca
Term
some micro-minerals
Definition
-Cu
-Fe
-Mn
-Zn
-Co
-I
-Se
Term
when maximal energy/protein requirements occur
Definition
maximal energy/protein requirements occur the 2nd month after calving when cows reach peak lactation
Term
when minimal energy/protein requirements occur
Definition
Minimal energy and protein requirements occur at weaning when the need for nutrients dedicated to lactation ceases
Term
some factors that control mineral nutrient concentration in forages
Definition
-plant species
-soil texture
-parent material
-geological age of soil
Term
how plant species affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages
Definition
Legumes (clover, alfalfa) tend to be higher in minerals than grasses (tall fescue, bermudagrass)
Term
how soil texture affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages
Definition
Sandy soils have lower CEC than clay soils

Selenium not present in sandy soils
Term
nutrient that's not present in sandy soils
Definition
Se
Term
how parent material affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages
Definition
Innate fertility of magma from which soils were derived
Term
how geologic age of soil affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages
Definition
Inceptisols (juvenile) have higher CEC than Ultisols

Note: Primary soil types in GA are an Ultisols
Term
primary type of soil in Georgia
Definition
ultisols
Term
what affects the concentration of nutrients in the soil solution?
Definition
pH
Term
disease that can be caused by selenium deficiency
Definition
“White Muscle” disease
Term
Most of the soil here in Georgia is ______ in terms of selenium
Definition
marginal
Term
what selenium deficiency causes in muscle tissue
Definition
Selenium Deficiency Results in Necrosis of Muscle which Appears White
Term
Clay content of soils increases in this direction in GA
Definition
NW
Term
some environmental factors that can limit plant growth
Definition
-Nutrients
-Water
-Light
-Heat
Term
something that may affect nutrient content more than soil fertility does
Definition
drought
Term
Our expectation of a productive female
Definition
-Maintain her body weight / condition
-Deliver a live offspring without difficulty
-Come into heat promptly
-Conceive early in the breeding season
-Nourish a developing fetus
-Adequately nurse the offspring through to weaning
-Milk production
Term
The first thing the energy from the forage is gonna be used for
Definition
maintenance
Term
how to calculate Nutrients Needed in Supplement
Definition
Animal Nutrient Requirements - Nutrients Supplied by Forage = Nutrients Needed in Supplement
Term
What is the overall objective of the feeding / supplementation program?
Definition
-Extend the forage base
-Meet nutritional deficiencies
-Alter cow production

You have to know where you want to go before you can get there.
Term
the main tool for a cow to accomplish her assignment
Definition
adequate nutrition
Term
to meet nutrient needs, you have to extend...
Definition
the forage base
Term
Basic Required Nutrients for livestocy
Definition
-Water
-Protein
-Minerals
-Vitamins
-Fats
-Energy
Term
some factors that may alter the nutrient requirements of cattle
Definition
-age
-level of production
-breed
-stage of physiology
Term
the most important contributor of minerals to limestock
Definition
forage
Term
macro-minerals
Definition
needed in >1g/day
Term
micro-minerals
Definition
needed in <1g/day
Term
why minerals are important for livestock
Definition
Essential for basic physiological processes
Term
some macro-minerals
Definition
-K
-Mg
-Na
-S
-P
-Ca
Term
some micro-minerals
Definition
-Cu
-Fe
-Mn
-Zn
-Co
-I
-Se
Term
when maximal energy/protein requirements occur
Definition
maximal energy/protein requirements occur the 2nd month after calving when cows reach peak lactation
Term
when minimal energy/protein requirements occur
Definition
Minimal energy and protein requirements occur at weaning when the need for nutrients dedicated to lactation ceases
Term
some factors that control mineral nutrient concentration in forages
Definition
-plant species
-soil texture
-parent material
-geological age of soil
Term
how plant species affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages
Definition
Legumes (clover, alfalfa) tend to be higher in minerals than grasses (tall fescue, bermudagrass)
Term
how soil texture affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages
Definition
Sandy soils have lower CEC than clay soils

Selenium not present in sandy soils
Term
nutrient that's not present in sandy soils
Definition
Se
Term
how parent material affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages
Definition
Innate fertility of magma from which soils were derived
Term
how geologic age of soil affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages
Definition
Inceptisols (juvenile) have higher CEC than Ultisols

Note: Primary soil types in GA are an Ultisols
Term
primary type of soil in Georgia
Definition
ultisols
Term
what affects the concentration of nutrients in the soil solution?
Definition
pH
Term
disease that can be caused by selenium deficiency
Definition
“White Muscle” disease
Term
Most of the soil here in Georgia is ______ in terms of selenium
Definition
marginal
Term
what selenium deficiency causes in muscle tissue
Definition
Selenium Deficiency Results in Necrosis of Muscle which Appears White
Term
Clay content of soils increases in this direction in GA
Definition
NW
Term
some environmental factors that can limit plant growth
Definition
-Nutrients
-Water
-Light
-Heat
Term
something that may affect nutrient content more than soil fertility does
Definition
drought
Term
what happens to Excess Minerals in Diet?
Definition
Excess Minerals in Diet are Excreted Back Onto Pasture
Term
what you should not fertilize pasture for
Definition
DON’T fertilize pasture to increase plant nutrients for livestock nutrition
Term
what you should do to overcome mineral deficiencies in livestock
Definition
Provide mineral supplements (salt blocks, mineral mixes) to overcome mineral deficiencies in livestock
Term
what you should fertilize pastures for
Definition
FERTILIZE pastures to promote forage growth
Term
Energy is derived from...
Definition
digestion of feedstuffs
Term
some sources of energy
Definition
-Fiber
-Protein
-Starch
-Fat
Term
TDN (total dietary nutrients)
Definition
TDN is our common measure of feedstuff energy
Term
our common measure of feedstuff energy
Definition
TDN
Term
Net energy
Definition
assigns the proportion of that feedstuff which meets Maintenance, growth, lactation, gestation
Term
Common sources of energy
Definition
-forage
-grain
-byproducts
-fat
Term
Fiber, protein, starch inside...
Definition
cell wall
Term
the difference between TDN and energy
Definition
-TDN is our common measure of feedstuff energy
-Net energy assigns the proportion of that feedstuff which meets Maintenance, growth, lactation, gestation
Term
Excess calories are stored in...
Definition
fats
Term
the Major “nutrient” required by livestock
Definition
energy
Term
how energy is the Main driver for production
Definition
it's the main driver for Growth, Reproduction, and Lactation
Term
relationship between TDN and quality of feedstuff
Definition
Direct relationship
Term
quality of feed vs. energy and intake
Definition
Low quality feed = low energy and low intake
Term
relationship between Content and intake
Definition
Content and intake go together
Term
The best way to asses the effectiveness and adequacy of a nutritional management program
Definition
to body condition score the cow herd
Term
Body condition scoring
Definition
an estimation of the amount of body fat a cow has
Term
what fat requires before it is deposited
Definition
Fat requires there to be a surplus of energy before it is deposited
Term
the amount of fat cover on cows is a good indicator of...
Definition
their energy status
Term
why the amount of fat cover on cows is a good indicator of their energy status
Definition
because Fat requires there to be a surplus of energy before it is deposited
Term
how body condition scoring can be used
Definition
-to make decisions for future feeding needs
-it can indicate either additional feed is required or a decrease in the energy supplied could be realized
-Gauge effectiveness of feeding program
-Decision tool to determine future feeding needs
Term
how Body condition score is ranked
Definition
Body condition score is ranked on a scale of 1 which is severely emaciated to 9 which is severely obese
Term
BCS 1 is...
Definition
severely emaciated
Term
BCS 9 is...
Definition
severely obese
Term
the BCS of most cows
Definition
Most cows fall in the range of 3 to 7.
Most cows score from 2 to 4
Term
the scale of BCS
Definition
1-5
Term
Body condition score is the best measure of ______ and a good indicator of ______.
Definition
past nutritional status
future reproductive performance
Term
relationship between forage, BCS, and overall performance
Definition
the better the forage, the better the body condition score and the better the reproductive and overall performance
Term
which body condition is this?
[image]
Definition
1
severe underconditioning
Term
which body condition is this?
[image]
Definition
2
frame obvious
Term
which body condition is this?
[image]
Definition
3
frame and covering well balanced
Term
which body condition is this?
[image]
Definition
4
frame not as visible as covering
Term
which body condition is this?
[image]
Definition
5
severe underconditioning
Term
which body condition is this?
[image]
Definition
0
Term
which body condition is this?
[image]
Definition
1
Term
which body condition is this?
[image]
Definition
2
Term
which body condition is this?
[image]
Definition
3
Term
which body condition is this?
[image]
Definition
4
Term
which body condition is this?
[image]
Definition
5
Term
Main driver of BCS
Definition
Energy Supplementation
Term
Reasons for use of Energy Supplementation
Definition
Meet energy demands when pasture energy is insufficient
Term
gotta balance energy with...
Definition
protein
Term
Gotta rely on feed, hay, and supplementation during winter because of...
Definition
forages being dormant and such
Term
the largest cost area in animal enterprises
Definition
feeding livestock
Term
amount of annual maintenance cost taken up by feeding livestock
Definition
approx 45-50%
Term
the feeds that constitute the largest, most variable portion of supplementation
Definition
Stored or supplemental feeds
Term
The cheapest way to harvest forages
Definition
The cheapest way to harvest forages is the animal to harvest it
Term
some Energy Supplementation Considerations
Definition
-Begin feeding before it is too late
-Response improves with long term low level supplementation
-Feeding low levels of energy (w/out adequate diet protein) decreases overall energy intake
-High starch supp. decreases fiber digestibility (Negative Effect)
-Usually contain < 20% CP (pasture usually adequate)
-Do not feed energy when high CP supplement will improve performance
-Grain is an energy supplement for forage
-High starch supp. work best with moderate to high quality forage
Term
why protein is important for growth and cell division
Definition
because during cell division, additional amino acids are needed
Term
when to not feed energy
Definition
when high CP supplement will improve performance
Term
High quality forage contains how much CP?
Definition
about 18-20% CP
Term
some things that affect nutrient requirements
Definition
-Age
-Level of production
-Current and/or desired body condition
-Breed
-Physiology
-Pasture activity
-Terrain
-Pest load
-Feed Additives
-Environment
Term
some physiological factors that can affect nutrient requirements
Definition
-Lactation
-Gestation
Term
how terrain can affect nutrient requirements
Definition
because some terrain requires more energy than other terrain
Term
a food additive that can affect nutrient requirements
Definition
Ionophore
Term
some environmental factors that can affect nutrient requirements
Definition
-Temperature
-Season
Term
something BCS is used for
Definition
the maintenance part; the animal itself
Term
Parturition
Definition
the action of giving birth to young; childbirth
Term
why parturition is fixed by humans
Definition
so that the animals can have the most amount of forage at the right time
Term
why have baby during down period
Definition
because it relies on its mom for about 90 days
Term
A little more energy and lots more protein in pasture because...
Definition
when the stuff is stored as hay, the protein breaks down and denatures
Term
TDN lower in hay because...
Definition
when you dry it, the cell contents kinda go away
Term
which forage is more efficient at supplying nutrients? pasture or hay?
Definition
pasture
Term
Excess forage stored because...
Definition
you don’t want it to go to waste
Term
which grasses have a higher energy density (Mcal/lb DM)? cool season or warm season?
Definition
cool season
Term
the number of pounds of forage eaten is basically a correlation with...
Definition
% of body weight
Term
will low energy forage meet the needs of a lactating cow?
Definition
no
Term
Assign forage to animals based on...
Definition
objective of production and such
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