Term
| Our expectation of a productive female |
|
Definition
-Maintain her body weight / condition
-Deliver a live offspring without difficulty
-Come into heat promptly
-Conceive early in the breeding season
-Nourish a developing fetus
-Adequately nurse the offspring through to weaning
-Milk production |
|
|
Term
| The first thing the energy from the forage is gonna be used for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to calculate Nutrients Needed in Supplement |
|
Definition
| Animal Nutrient Requirements - Nutrients Supplied by Forage = Nutrients Needed in Supplement |
|
|
Term
| What is the overall objective of the feeding / supplementation program? |
|
Definition
-Extend the forage base
-Meet nutritional deficiencies
-Alter cow production
You have to know where you want to go before you can get there. |
|
|
Term
| the main tool for a cow to accomplish her assignment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to meet nutrient needs, you have to extend... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basic Required Nutrients for livestocy |
|
Definition
-Water
-Protein
-Minerals
-Vitamins
-Fats
-Energy |
|
|
Term
| some factors that may alter the nutrient requirements of cattle |
|
Definition
-age
-level of production
-breed
-stage of physiology |
|
|
Term
| the most important contributor of minerals to limestock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why minerals are important for livestock |
|
Definition
| Essential for basic physiological processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when maximal energy/protein requirements occur |
|
Definition
| maximal energy/protein requirements occur the 2nd month after calving when cows reach peak lactation |
|
|
Term
| when minimal energy/protein requirements occur |
|
Definition
| Minimal energy and protein requirements occur at weaning when the need for nutrients dedicated to lactation ceases |
|
|
Term
| some factors that control mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
|
Definition
-plant species
-soil texture
-parent material
-geological age of soil |
|
|
Term
| how plant species affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
|
Definition
| Legumes (clover, alfalfa) tend to be higher in minerals than grasses (tall fescue, bermudagrass) |
|
|
Term
| how soil texture affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
|
Definition
Sandy soils have lower CEC than clay soils
Selenium not present in sandy soils |
|
|
Term
| nutrient that's not present in sandy soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how parent material affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
|
Definition
| Innate fertility of magma from which soils were derived |
|
|
Term
| how geologic age of soil affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
|
Definition
Inceptisols (juvenile) have higher CEC than Ultisols
Note: Primary soil types in GA are an Ultisols |
|
|
Term
| primary type of soil in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what affects the concentration of nutrients in the soil solution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disease that can be caused by selenium deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of the soil here in Georgia is ______ in terms of selenium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what selenium deficiency causes in muscle tissue |
|
Definition
| Selenium Deficiency Results in Necrosis of Muscle which Appears White |
|
|
Term
| Clay content of soils increases in this direction in GA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some environmental factors that can limit plant growth |
|
Definition
-Nutrients
-Water
-Light
-Heat |
|
|
Term
| something that may affect nutrient content more than soil fertility does |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Our expectation of a productive female |
|
Definition
-Maintain her body weight / condition
-Deliver a live offspring without difficulty
-Come into heat promptly
-Conceive early in the breeding season
-Nourish a developing fetus
-Adequately nurse the offspring through to weaning
-Milk production |
|
|
Term
| The first thing the energy from the forage is gonna be used for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to calculate Nutrients Needed in Supplement |
|
Definition
| Animal Nutrient Requirements - Nutrients Supplied by Forage = Nutrients Needed in Supplement |
|
|
Term
| What is the overall objective of the feeding / supplementation program? |
|
Definition
-Extend the forage base
-Meet nutritional deficiencies
-Alter cow production
You have to know where you want to go before you can get there. |
|
|
Term
| the main tool for a cow to accomplish her assignment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to meet nutrient needs, you have to extend... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basic Required Nutrients for livestocy |
|
Definition
-Water
-Protein
-Minerals
-Vitamins
-Fats
-Energy |
|
|
Term
| some factors that may alter the nutrient requirements of cattle |
|
Definition
-age
-level of production
-breed
-stage of physiology |
|
|
Term
| the most important contributor of minerals to limestock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why minerals are important for livestock |
|
Definition
| Essential for basic physiological processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when maximal energy/protein requirements occur |
|
Definition
| maximal energy/protein requirements occur the 2nd month after calving when cows reach peak lactation |
|
|
Term
| when minimal energy/protein requirements occur |
|
Definition
| Minimal energy and protein requirements occur at weaning when the need for nutrients dedicated to lactation ceases |
|
|
Term
| some factors that control mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
|
Definition
-plant species
-soil texture
-parent material
-geological age of soil |
|
|
Term
| how plant species affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
|
Definition
| Legumes (clover, alfalfa) tend to be higher in minerals than grasses (tall fescue, bermudagrass) |
|
|
Term
| how soil texture affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
|
Definition
Sandy soils have lower CEC than clay soils
Selenium not present in sandy soils |
|
|
Term
| nutrient that's not present in sandy soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how parent material affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
|
Definition
| Innate fertility of magma from which soils were derived |
|
|
Term
| how geologic age of soil affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
|
Definition
Inceptisols (juvenile) have higher CEC than Ultisols
Note: Primary soil types in GA are an Ultisols |
|
|
Term
| primary type of soil in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what affects the concentration of nutrients in the soil solution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disease that can be caused by selenium deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of the soil here in Georgia is ______ in terms of selenium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what selenium deficiency causes in muscle tissue |
|
Definition
| Selenium Deficiency Results in Necrosis of Muscle which Appears White |
|
|
Term
| Clay content of soils increases in this direction in GA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some environmental factors that can limit plant growth |
|
Definition
-Nutrients
-Water
-Light
-Heat |
|
|
Term
| something that may affect nutrient content more than soil fertility does |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to Excess Minerals in Diet? |
|
Definition
| Excess Minerals in Diet are Excreted Back Onto Pasture |
|
|
Term
| what you should not fertilize pasture for |
|
Definition
| DON’T fertilize pasture to increase plant nutrients for livestock nutrition |
|
|
Term
| what you should do to overcome mineral deficiencies in livestock |
|
Definition
| Provide mineral supplements (salt blocks, mineral mixes) to overcome mineral deficiencies in livestock |
|
|
Term
| what you should fertilize pastures for |
|
Definition
| FERTILIZE pastures to promote forage growth |
|
|
Term
| Energy is derived from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Fiber
-Protein
-Starch
-Fat |
|
|
Term
| TDN (total dietary nutrients) |
|
Definition
| TDN is our common measure of feedstuff energy |
|
|
Term
| our common measure of feedstuff energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assigns the proportion of that feedstuff which meets Maintenance, growth, lactation, gestation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-forage
-grain
-byproducts
-fat |
|
|
Term
| Fiber, protein, starch inside... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the difference between TDN and energy |
|
Definition
-TDN is our common measure of feedstuff energy
-Net energy assigns the proportion of that feedstuff which meets Maintenance, growth, lactation, gestation |
|
|
Term
| Excess calories are stored in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the Major “nutrient” required by livestock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how energy is the Main driver for production |
|
Definition
| it's the main driver for Growth, Reproduction, and Lactation |
|
|
Term
| relationship between TDN and quality of feedstuff |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| quality of feed vs. energy and intake |
|
Definition
| Low quality feed = low energy and low intake |
|
|
Term
| relationship between Content and intake |
|
Definition
| Content and intake go together |
|
|
Term
| The best way to asses the effectiveness and adequacy of a nutritional management program |
|
Definition
| to body condition score the cow herd |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an estimation of the amount of body fat a cow has |
|
|
Term
| what fat requires before it is deposited |
|
Definition
| Fat requires there to be a surplus of energy before it is deposited |
|
|
Term
| the amount of fat cover on cows is a good indicator of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why the amount of fat cover on cows is a good indicator of their energy status |
|
Definition
| because Fat requires there to be a surplus of energy before it is deposited |
|
|
Term
| how body condition scoring can be used |
|
Definition
-to make decisions for future feeding needs
-it can indicate either additional feed is required or a decrease in the energy supplied could be realized
-Gauge effectiveness of feeding program
-Decision tool to determine future feeding needs |
|
|
Term
| how Body condition score is ranked |
|
Definition
| Body condition score is ranked on a scale of 1 which is severely emaciated to 9 which is severely obese |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most cows fall in the range of 3 to 7.
Most cows score from 2 to 4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Body condition score is the best measure of ______ and a good indicator of ______. |
|
Definition
past nutritional status
future reproductive performance |
|
|
Term
| relationship between forage, BCS, and overall performance |
|
Definition
| the better the forage, the better the body condition score and the better the reproductive and overall performance |
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
1
severe underconditioning |
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
3
frame and covering well balanced |
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
4
frame not as visible as covering |
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
5
severe underconditioning |
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reasons for use of Energy Supplementation |
|
Definition
| Meet energy demands when pasture energy is insufficient |
|
|
Term
| gotta balance energy with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gotta rely on feed, hay, and supplementation during winter because of... |
|
Definition
| forages being dormant and such |
|
|
Term
| the largest cost area in animal enterprises |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of annual maintenance cost taken up by feeding livestock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the feeds that constitute the largest, most variable portion of supplementation |
|
Definition
| Stored or supplemental feeds |
|
|
Term
| The cheapest way to harvest forages |
|
Definition
| The cheapest way to harvest forages is the animal to harvest it |
|
|
Term
| some Energy Supplementation Considerations |
|
Definition
-Begin feeding before it is too late
-Response improves with long term low level supplementation
-Feeding low levels of energy (w/out adequate diet protein) decreases overall energy intake
-High starch supp. decreases fiber digestibility (Negative Effect)
-Usually contain < 20% CP (pasture usually adequate)
-Do not feed energy when high CP supplement will improve performance
-Grain is an energy supplement for forage
-High starch supp. work best with moderate to high quality forage |
|
|
Term
| why protein is important for growth and cell division |
|
Definition
| because during cell division, additional amino acids are needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when high CP supplement will improve performance |
|
|
Term
| High quality forage contains how much CP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some things that affect nutrient requirements |
|
Definition
-Age
-Level of production
-Current and/or desired body condition
-Breed
-Physiology
-Pasture activity
-Terrain
-Pest load
-Feed Additives
-Environment |
|
|
Term
| some physiological factors that can affect nutrient requirements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how terrain can affect nutrient requirements |
|
Definition
| because some terrain requires more energy than other terrain |
|
|
Term
| a food additive that can affect nutrient requirements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some environmental factors that can affect nutrient requirements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something BCS is used for |
|
Definition
| the maintenance part; the animal itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the action of giving birth to young; childbirth |
|
|
Term
| why parturition is fixed by humans |
|
Definition
| so that the animals can have the most amount of forage at the right time |
|
|
Term
| why have baby during down period |
|
Definition
| because it relies on its mom for about 90 days |
|
|
Term
| A little more energy and lots more protein in pasture because... |
|
Definition
| when the stuff is stored as hay, the protein breaks down and denatures |
|
|
Term
| TDN lower in hay because... |
|
Definition
| when you dry it, the cell contents kinda go away |
|
|
Term
| which forage is more efficient at supplying nutrients? pasture or hay? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excess forage stored because... |
|
Definition
| you don’t want it to go to waste |
|
|
Term
| which grasses have a higher energy density (Mcal/lb DM)? cool season or warm season? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the number of pounds of forage eaten is basically a correlation with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| will low energy forage meet the needs of a lactating cow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Assign forage to animals based on... |
|
Definition
| objective of production and such |
|
|
