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Nutiriton
Nutrition
98
Nutrition
5th Grade
02/04/2014

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Cards

Term
What are the six classes of nutrients?
Definition
1.proteins
2.carbs
3.lipids
4.vitamins
5.minerals
6.water
Term
What do nutrients do?
Definition
promote growth and maintenance or repair
Term
What are carbohydrates composed of?
Definition
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Term
How many kilocalories is 1 carb equal to?
Definition
4
Term
What are the three types of monosaccharides?
Definition
1.glucose
2.fructose
3.galactose
Term
What is glucose?
Definition
-blood sugar/dextrose
-major source of energy, RBCs
**monosacchride**
Term
What is fructose?
Definition
-levulose/fruit sugar
-sweetest sugar
**monosacchride**
Term
What is galactose?
Definition
-milk sugar
-converted from glucose to galactose in mammary tissue
**monosacchride**
Term
What is glucose converted to in mammary tissue?
Definition
galactose (milk sugar)
Term
What are disacchrides?
Definition
double sugars made up of 2 monosacchrides
Term
What are the 3 disacchrides?
Definition
1. sucrose
2. lactose
3. maltose
Term
What is sucrose?
Definition
-table sugar
-glucose+fructose
**disacchride**
Term
What is lactose?
Definition
-milk sugar
-made of galactose and glucose
*disacchride**
Term
What is maltose?
Definition
-plant sugar(beer, malt liquor)
-2 glucose molecules
-appears when starch is broken down
**disacchride**
Term
What appears when starch is broken down?
Definition
maltose
Term
What are the three polysacchrides?
Definition
1.starch
2.glycogen
3.fibers
Term
What is starch?
Definition
-plant storage form of glucose
-amylase & amylopectin
-slowly digestible
-sores energy
**polysacchride**
Term
What is nutritionally the most important carb?
Definition
-starch
-found in rice, potatoes, etc
Term
How much stored energy does glycogen provide?
Definition
12-24 hours
Term
What is glycogen?
Definition
-animal equivalent of starch
-glycogenesis
-not significant as a food source
Term
WHat does glycogen do in the liver? The muscle?
Definition
-liver- regulates blood sugar for the brain
-muscle- energy source for muscle contraction
Term
How many grams of fiber should be consumed in a day?
Definition
20-35 grams
Term
What are the 2 types of fibers?
Definition
dietary and functional
Term
What is dietary fiber?
Definition
-insoluble in water(not digestible)
-increases peristalsis
Term
What is peristalsis?
Definition
the involuntary contraction of muscles of the intestines that cause substances to move forward
Term
What is functional fiber?
Definition
-soluble(digestible), mixes with water
-added to foods
-makes gel
Term
What is total fiber?
Definition
dietary+functional fiber
Term
Where does digestion of polysacchrides occur?
Definition
-initially in the mouth with enzyme saliva amylase
-then in small intestine with enzyme pancreatic amylase
Term
Where do digestion enzymes for polysacchrides come from?
Definition
pancreas and small intestine
Term
What is the enzyme that breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose?
Definition
sucrase
Term
What is the enzyme that breaks lactose down into glucose and galactose?
Definition
lactase
Term
What is the enzyme that breaks maltose down into two glucose molecules?
Definition
maltase
Term
What happens to monosacchrides when they are digested? Glucose in particular?
Definition
-sent into capillaries
-glucose goes directly into blood to be used as energy
Term
What is a function of carbs in terms of protein?
Definition
spares protein so that it can be used for growth and repair
Term
How do carbs help prevent ketosis?
Definition
by aiding in the oxidation(burning) of fats
Term
What is the daily requirement for carbs?
Definition
130 grams/day
Term
What are sugar alcohols?
Definition
nutritive sweeteners that have calories but do not promote tooth decay
Term
Why can nutritive sweeteners cause diarrhea?
Definition
because they are not readily absorbed by the small intestine
Term
What are the three nutritive sweeteners/ sugar alcohols?
Definition
-sorbitol
-mannitol
-xylitol
Term
What is sorbitol made from?
Definition
glucose
Term
What is mannitol made from?
Definition
mannose and galactose
Term
What is xylitol derived from? What patients is this good for?
Definition
celluose products, good for patients with candidiasis
Term
What is xylitol?
Definition
a 5 carbon sugar
Term
Where is xylitol absorbed?
Definition
by the small intestine
Term
How does xylitol work as an antimicrobial?
Definition
S. Mutans are attracted to it but cannot digest it so they die
Term
What are artificial sweetners?
Definition
nonnutritive, noncarb, noncaloric
Term
What are the 5 types of nonnutritive sweetners?
Definition
-saccharin
-aspartame
-acesulfame-K
-sucralose
-neotame
Term
Saccharin
Definition
-Sweet N' Low
-300 x sweeter than sucrose
Term
Aspertame
Definition
-NutraSweet, Equal
-not stable in heat, DON'T COOK WITH IT
Term
What type of warning does aspertame carry?
Definition
PKU warning
Term
What are normal/random glucose levels?
Definition
70-125 mg/dl
Term
What causes type i diabetes?
Definition
islets of langerhans in pancreas cannot synthesize insulin
Term
Is hypoglycemia charaterized by tachycardia or bradycardia?
Definition
tacycardia
Term
What are proteins made of?
Definition
amino acids
Term
What compounds is protein made of?
Definition
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Term
What is the main function of protein?
Definition
repair/build tissues
Term
What are amino acids held together by?
Definition
peptides
Term
How many amino acids are essential? Nonessential?
Definition
essential- 9
nonessential- 11
Term
Where does digestion of proteins begin?
Definition
in the stomach
Term
What is phenyleketonuria?
Definition
inborn error of metabolism, body cant metabolize essential acid phenylalaine into nonessential acis tyrosine
Term
What should people with PKU avoid?
Definition
aspartame
Term
What is marasmus?
Definition
-"to waste away"(chronic condition)
-body's adaptation to starvation over a LONG PERIOD OF TIME
Term
What age group does marasmus commonly effect? How do they look?
Definition
-children 6-18 months in 3rd world countires
-no edema, muscles waste and weaken
Term
What is kwashiorkor?
Definition
-severe protein deficiency when 1st child gets cut off from breast feeding when second child is born
Term
What is the age group and look of a child with kwashiorkor? What happen to their teeth?
Definition
-18 months-2 years
-edema
-delayed eruption and hypoplasia of teeth
Term
What are some good example of protein?
Definition
-meat
-eggs
-cheese
Term
Aspertame should not be consumed by individuals with what?
Definition
phenylkeytonuria
Term
How much of your diet should be saturated fats? What are they at room temp?
Definition
- >10%
-solid at room temp
Term
What are monounsaturated fatty acids at room temp? What are they?
Definition
-contain a paoint of unsaturated linkage (double bond)
-viscous in form
**canola/olive oil**
Term
Out of HDL and LDL which is good and which is bad?
Definition
HDL- good
LDL- bad
Term
What are polyunsaturated fats? What is their consistency?
Definition
-2 or more point of unsaturation
-liquid at room temp
**vegetable oils**
Term
What are the 2 essential fatty acids?
Definition
1. linoleic fatty acid(omega 6)
2. linoleNic fatty acid(omega 3)
Term
How many kilocalories/gram are lipids?
Definition
9 kilocal/gram
Term
Which fatty acid maintains serum cholesterol levels?
Definition
monounsaturated
Term
What are some sources of omega 6(linoleic fatty acid)?
Definition
vegetable oils, sunflower oil
Term
What are some examples of omega 3(linolenic fatty acid)?
Definition
fish, mackerel, tuna, salmon
Term
Which vitamins are the fat soluble ones? Are they readily excreted?
Definition
A
D
E
K
**not readily excreted so they can build up to toxic levels**
Term
Vitamin A-
Sources
Deficiencies
Functions
Definition
sources- retinols(animal foods), carotenoids(orange and dark green veggies)
Deficiencies- night blindness
Functions- eye health, maintains mucus membranes
Term
Vitamin D
Sources
Deficiencies
Functions
Definition
Sources- sunlight, fortified milk, fish liver oils
Deficiencies- rickets, osteomalacia, osteoperosis
Functions-as a hormone to assist in absorption of calcium, formation/mineralization of bones and teeth
Term
What is rickets?
Definition
vitamin D deficiency in children, softening of bones, bowed legs, enlarged joints, deformed pelvis
Term
What is osteomalacia?
Definition
-vitamin D deficiency in adults
-calcium taken from bones
-bowed legs, bent posture
Term
Vtamin E(tocopherol)
Toxicity
Deficiencies
Functions
Definition
Sources-vegetable oils, gren leafy veggies
Toxicity- interferes with blood clotting
function-preserves fat(antioxidant)
Term
Vitamin K
function
sources
Definition
function- aids in formation of blood clotting factor prothrombin, increases bone density
Sources- green leafy veggies
Term
Which vitamins are water soluble?
Definition
all B and C
Term
Thiamin (B1)
Function
Deficiency
Sources
Definition
Function-provide energy to heart, brain, CNS
Deficiency- Beri beri
Sources- pork, whole grains, nuts
Term
What is Beri Beri?
Definition
damages nervous and cardiovascular systems
Term
Riboflavin(B2)
Functions
Sources
Properties
Definition
funtion-production of RBC
sources-milk, green leafy veggies, legumes, nuts
Propterties-sersitive to light
Term
What can be a symptoms of riboflavin(B2) deficiencies?
Definition
cheilosis, glossitis, anemia
Term
Niacin B3
Function
Deficiency
Source
Definition
function- RNA and DNA synethsis
deficeincy- pellagra
sources- meat, fish, etc
Term
What is pellagra?
Definition
Niacin B3(deficiency)
4 D's(dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, death)
Term
Folate(folacin, folic acid)
function
deficiency
sources
Definition
function-assists in forming DNA, RNA, and RBC formation
deficiency- megaloblastic anemia, glossitis, diarrhea, birth defects(spinal bifida)
sources- liver, leafy green veggies, OJ
Term
Which vitamin deficiency can cause spinal bifida and therefore is important for pregnant patients to take?
Definition
folic acid(folate)
Term
Cobalamin(B12)
function
deficiency
sources
Definition
function- build tissues, essential for RBS development, folate metabolism
deficiency- found in vegitarians, pernicious anemia
sources- animal organ meats, fortified foods
Term
What are the properties of Cobalamin(B12)?
Definition
intrinsic- protein in stomach, needed for absorption of b12
extrinsic factor- must be obtained through food
Term
What is pernicious anemia?
Definition
weakness, sore tongue, apathy
Term
Vitamin C- Ascorbic Acid
function
deficiency
sources
Definition
function- promotes protein collagen synthesis
deficiency- scurvy
sources- strawberries, broccoli
Term
Properties of vitamin C(ascorbic acid)
Definition
no extensive storage, smokers and women on birth control have increased need
Term
What is scurvy?
Definition
vitamin C deficiency, ruptured blood vessels, swollen bleeding gingiva, delayed wound healing
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