Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stage of life has the greatest growth? |
|
Definition
preadolesence
cognitive, emotional, social |
|
|
Term
| what is the average growth for pre-adolesent children |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
coincide with increased appetite and food intake
monitor with CDC growth chart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at risk for being overweight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5-7 years old
body fat % will be the lowest
F 16%
M 13% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
BMI is at its lowest but then starts to increase
happens at around 6 yo
prep for major growth spurt in adolescence
*if it happens before the avg age of 4-6 yo then there is a greater chance for obesity later in life* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
6-10 years old
boys have more lean muscle mass than girls |
|
|
Term
| what cognitive development happens during preadolescence? |
|
Definition
self efficacy
cause-effect
able to classify, reclassify, and generalize
decrease in egocentrism
independence
feeding skills (meal time chores, boost self esteem) |
|
|
Term
| eating behaviors during preadolescence |
|
Definition
parents and siblings have the greatest influence
*Parents responsible for the environment and what foods are available; kids are responsible for how much they eat* |
|
|
Term
| body image and dieting during preadolescence |
|
Definition
start as early as 5 years old
External factors = time of day, presence of other people, availability of good food
Control = more authorative mean less likely to listen to intuitive cues
Heavier – girls that are heavier are less likely able to regulate internal controls
Parental control – those who have troubles with their own intake impose more restrictions on their child
All of the above contribute to onset of obesity or eating disorders |
|
|
Term
| energy needs during preadolescence |
|
Definition
reflect the slower rate of growth
Lower for school age kids than toddler and preschool
Dependent upon physical activity and body size
EER based on formula (different for each age group) gender, age, height, weight, physical activity |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 levels of physical activity |
|
Definition
sedentary
low active
active
very active |
|
|
Term
| protein needs for preadolesence |
|
Definition
| .95 g/kg day for 4-13 years; adjust due to activity and muscle mass |
|
|
Term
| preadolesence - vitamins and minerals |
|
Definition
usually met or exceeding
some not met: calcium, iron, zinc |
|
|
Term
| iron deficiency w/ preadolesence |
|
Definition
not as common in middle childhood as with toddlers due to growth rate not being as fast
different needs for different ages |
|
|
Term
| dental caries w/ preadsolesence |
|
Definition
1 in 2 children have decay in primary teeth; can affect permanent teeth as well
Reduce sticky carb exposure to teeth by brushing teeth; complex carbs better than simple
Regular meal and snack times give better opportuinity to brush teeth
Alter texture of food as baby teeth fall out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
starts around 5-10 yo
2/3 kids are overweight or obese
Physical activity decrease the contributing factor; parents are working, unsafe neighborhoods
Conditions – heart failure, cardiac disease, hypertension, diabetes
Increase bone age = 6 yo has bone age of 15 yo
Higher levels of liver enzymes
85% of kids with type 2 either overweight or obese
Higher risk of type 2 with all other ethnicities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
peak bone mass (density) achieved between ages 18-30
remains stable till 40-50 W or 60 M
after that, starts to decline
causes: inadequate building of bone mass during childhood (poor calcium intake, no exercise)
increased bone loss from inadequate diet supply of bone building nutrients, poor Ca absorp, or excess Ca excretion (protein, caffiene, sodium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increased fractures - contributes to early death, daily activities are effected
height loss - kyphosis; deterioration of vertebral support |
|
|
Term
| risk factors of osteoperosis |
|
Definition
some are modifiable; some are not
pourios bone
petite, white females |
|
|
Term
| nutrition intervention for osteoperosis |
|
Definition
enough calcium and vit D through the diet no supplements are needed!
watch and maintain Ca levels
increased protein and sodium and caffeine = increased Ca excretion |
|
|
Term
| nutritional remedies for osteoperosis |
|
Definition
calcium citrate - better absorped
foods rich in vit C (collagen), D, B6 (convert methionine to cysteine), and K forms proteins that stimulate osteoblasts)(can be an issue if they are on blood thinners) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
weaken in muscles of esophageal-stomach juncture - contribute to GERD
decreases acidity in stomach - affects nutrient absorption
either decreased or increased intestine motility (diahhrea or constipation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stomach contents spill back into the esophagus = heart burn and chest pain
risk factors = excess alcohol consump, obesity, high coffee intake
interventions - omit foods that causes issues (low fat b/c doesnt empty stomach as fast, no spicy foods, low acidity foods) |
|
|
Term
| b12 deficiency in elderly |
|
Definition
low acidity in stomach contribute to poor absorption (intrinsic factor)
effects: macrocytic megaloblastic anemia (immature large RBCs), glossitis, neurological damage
prevalence; takes 5-6 years to develop, but some symptoms unreversable
risk factors: ulcers in stomach (H. pylori), decreased stomach acid
intervention: B12 shots, high bilogical value proteins, iron rich foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bacterial overgrowth, atrophic gastritis
antacids, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
more common than diarrhea due to aging intestinal muscles
less responsive to triggers to "get
moving"
thirst mechanisms delince = less water intake
anti-inflammatory drugs
interventions: fiber, prune juice, increased fluid intake (soup, jello, applesauce, high water content foods) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arthritis
osteoarthritis most common form (flexible tissue at ends of bones wears down; joints don't move; hips and knees; peaks at age 70-79; affects men more before age 50)
IBS
Celiac
Lupis
Asthma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
etiology: tissue damage as a result of cartilage loss, hardening of soft tissues, inflammation
flexible tissue at ends of bones wears down; joints don't move; hips and knees; peaks at age 70-79; affects men more before age 50
effects: bad pain, usually very depressed because it effects daily living
riskf factors: obesity, low vit C, D, oxidents
interventions: lose weight, vit C intake, flavanoids, pain relief medications, omega 3s, capsacain for topical relief |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depression, alzheimers, dementia, eiology, effects, nutrition interventions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
brain atrophy
memory loss
affects nutritional status
intervention: routine eating, finger foods, food safety can be an issue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
not able to think clearly
can develop into alzheimers
poor memory
short or long term memory loss
weight loss
intervention: add extra calories |
|
|
Term
| dehydration and the elderly |
|
Definition
cells lose water to the point of interfering with metabolic processes
look at serum levels of sodium, urea,
creatine
aging itself does not cause dehydration; a symptom of being elderly
effects: flush, sunken eyes, speech difficulty, upper body weakness, dry tongue, fever,
interventions: rehydrate SLOWLY over days, use thickened liquids |
|
|
Term
| what is the most significant predictor of childhood obesity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a child is older than 7, and their BMI is in the 85th-95th percentile, with no secondary complications, what is recommended? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a child has a BMI >95th percentile, and has secondary complications, what is reccomended? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AMDR for fat for children |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SA/Cholesterol/Trans fats reccomendations for preadolesence |
|
Definition
<10% total kcal sat fat, children w/ hyperlipidemia <7% total kcal sat fat
300mg cholesterol, <200 if have issues
0 trans fat |
|
|
Term
| fiber reccomendations for preadolescents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what disorders increase the energy needs for preadolescents? |
|
Definition
| autistic, hyperthyroidism, anything w/ respiratory, ADHD, playing sports, kids sick a lot |
|
|
Term
| what disorders decrease the energy needs for preadolescents? |
|
Definition
| down syndrome, prader willi, & dwarfism |
|
|
Term
| what disorders increase the protein needs for preadolescents? |
|
Definition
| cystic fibrosis, sick kids, recovering from surgery or illness, or skin disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Infected: at birth b/c of exchange of blood, or mom nursed infant and passed virus
Consequences: failure to thrive, not a good appetite as result of antiviral drugs, an inc. risk for foodborne illnesses
Treatment and nutrition interventions: nutritional supplements, time meals and snacks w/ medications that work best for not making them nauseous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually in males; very short |
|
|
Term
| Rubinstein-Tabyi syndrome- |
|
Definition
| short, mental retardation, clinical characteristics are broad thumbs & 1st toe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
very tall
webbing between thumb and index finger |
|
|
Term
| nutrition for preadolescents with seizures |
|
Definition
| more kcal, can be mild to severe, need a ketogenic diet low in carbs and high in fat |
|
|
Term
| cystic fibrosis and preadolescents |
|
Definition
| can be lethal, interferes w/ lung fxn, causes dec in absorption of nutrients & b/c lack of pancreatic enzymes, need more kcal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| period after a seizure when person is semi concious and relaxed; can last for days |
|
|
Term
| cerebral palsey + nutrition |
|
Definition
Secondary effects: scoliosis, GERD, constipation b/c bowel muscles not working well
Spastic quadriplegia
Consequences: slower growth rate, difficulty feeding, nutritional deficiencies specifically to bone health & need Vit D & Ca
Nutrition interventions: monitor caloric needs, promote feeding skills w/ special designed utensils & cups, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common neurobehavioral condition
Consequences: chaotic meal time & snack patterns
Treatment: structure behavioral approach, usually involves mental health counseling and parenting classes; medications adderall or ritilin (psychostimulants)
Nutrition interventions:
Peak activity at school lunch time, so meds administered then |
|
|
Term
| how are nutrition needs determined during adolescence? |
|
Definition
by sexual maturation
NOT AGE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develop personal ID, unique set of ethical values, want to be completely idependent but economically dependent on parents, adjusting to new body |
|
|
Term
| adolesence - increase in needs |
|
Definition
| needs for energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals |
|
|
Term
| health compromising behaviors of adolescents |
|
Definition
| results of need for personal ID, ex. excessive dieting, skipping meals, nutritional supplements, frequent consumption of foods high in fat |
|
|
Term
| physical changes during adolesence |
|
Definition
| sexual maturation, increase in height and weight, end of accumulation of skeleton muscle, change in body comp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
scale of secondary sexual characteristics
5 stages
W - pubic hair and breasts
M - pubic hair and penis size |
|
|
Term
| adolesence =changes in body weight |
|
Definition
F - follows a liner growth spurt, around 12.5-13 years old, slows when period starts
M - peak weight gain coiencides with height growth and muscle mass growth
Decreasing body fat at this time |
|
|
Term
| at what age has most of your skeletal mass been formed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
early 11-14 years old
middle 15-17 years old
late 18-21 years old |
|
|
Term
| adolesence - food behaviors affected by.... |
|
Definition
| peer influence, parental modeling, food availability, food preferences, cost of food, convenience, personal and cultural beliefs, mass media, body image |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Personal - attitude, beliefs, food preferences
Environmental - family, friends, fast food places
Macrosystems - food availability, food desert, mass media |
|
|
Term
| what is the problem with DRIs and adolescents? |
|
Definition
| DRIs are assigned chronilogically, which doesnt work for this stage |
|
|
Term
| vitamin and mineral deficiencies of adolescents |
|
Definition
| folate, zinc, calcium, iron, fiber |
|
|
Term
| adolescents - protein intake |
|
Definition
dependent on maturation, weight, and height
NOT AGE |
|
|
Term
| peak periods of protein needs in adolescents |
|
Definition
11-14 years old
15-18 years old |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
.95 g/kg (9-13 yo; both genders) .85 g/kg when older
BASELINES; increases depending on level of maturation |
|
|
Term
| what happens if an adolescent does not consume enough protein? |
|
Definition
growth is affected
maturation is delayed
however, most meet or exceed their protein requirement |
|
|
Term
| carb needs for adolescents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AAP = .5 g/kg
35 g/day the limit |
|
|
Term
| why do you not want to consume too much fiber? |
|
Definition
| Phytates in fiber binds to calcium, zinc, iron, manganese |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NCEP recc no more than 10% from sat fat, 300 mg, no trans fat
*same recc for adults* |
|
|
Term
| fat needs for adolescents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
females absorp Ca greatest around their period
males peak absorp happens around adolescence
DRI - 1300 mg |
|
|
Term
| adolescents - iron and zinc |
|
Definition
Iron important for linear growth, increase in blood volume
Zinc important for sexual maturation; most bio available from animal sources
Iron and zinc compete for absorption (same absorption site) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increased folate need from RNA/DNA synthesis; cells still dividing and growing
Folic acid = supplementa form of folate; swice as bioavailable as folate
DFE (dietary folate equilivlance) combo supplement with food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| teens cosume less than recc amount due to decrease consumption of fruits and veggies; important for vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| required for synthesis of skin and collagen, antioxidant, teens that smoke need increased amount of C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| important antioxidant for cell membranes; 66% don’t consume enough vit E |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
30.3% are overweight
15.3% are obese |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
30.4 are overweight
15.5 are obese |
|
|
Term
| adolescent obesity - genetics and environment |
|
Definition
genetic predisposition for obesity “obesity gene”
genetically predisposed to store fat in certain places
home they live in , having an overweight parent |
|
|
Term
| adolesccent obesity - risk factors |
|
Definition
| low income family, overweight parent, ethnicity, being diagnosed with a condition that affects mobility, high caloric/fat diet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased pressure in the skull and pleural space, causes headaches |
|
|
Term
| adolescents and hydration |
|
Definition
| Young adolescents do not regulate body temp as well as older adolescents; need to regularly consume fluids regardless of thirst levels |
|
|
Term
| recommendations for adolescent fluid intake |
|
Definition
6-8 oz prior to exercise
4-6 oz every 15 minutes during continuous exercise
8 oz right after exercise |
|
|
Term
| T/F Dietary supplements are reccomended for adolescents. |
|
Definition
| FALSE. They are NOT recommended |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| get from meat; nitrogen containing compound found in muscle tissue; claims to improve anaerobic metabolism and promotes weight and lean muscle mass; studies show no benefit for endurance atheltetes but are some marginal benefits for strength training; side effects are dose related (ab pain, nausea, headache, muscle strain and soreness) chronic use leads to renal damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| create it from lysine and methionine in the body; metabolizes fatty acids; at high doses = diarrhea; lots of commercial forms have impurities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| precursor to many sex hormones, including testosterone and estrogen; produced in the adrenal glands; decreases insulin resistance, increase immune system, lean body mass, osteoporosis; side effects = irreversible breast enlargement, hirsiutism (hairy face), prostate enlargement; used for muscle enlargement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| melt fat and promote weight loss; high doses = renal failure and cognitive impairment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
starts as young as 9 years old
12-18 most smoking takes place
increased insulin resistance; increased tendency for central adiposity (truncal fat – metabolically active) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consumption increases as age increases |
|
|
Term
| substance abuse during adolescence results in.... |
|
Definition
Decreased appetite
Decreased bioavailibilty
Anemia
Decreased money for food
Higher metabolic requirement for nutrients (higher turnover) |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common nutrition deficiency among st adolescents? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| iron deficiency anemia - risk factors |
|
Definition
| rapid growth rate, inadequate intake of iron rich foods, restrictive vegetarian diets, caloric restriction, skipping meals, strenuous exercise or sports, heavy periods |
|
|
Term
| iron deficiency anemia - consequences |
|
Definition
| impaired growth and development, fatigue, susceptible to infections, depressed immune functions, decreased physical performance, |
|
|
Term
| iron deficiency anemia - treatment |
|
Definition
| iron rich and vit C rich foods (leafy greens, beans, molasses) DON’T take with calcium |
|
|
Term
| hypertension - adolescents |
|
Definition
Considered hypertensive if they have three high systolic/diastolic readings over 95th percentile
Normal blood pressure = below 90th percentile on the chart
High normal = 90-95
Risk factors – family history, inactive lifestyle, tobacco use, high intake of sodium, overweight, hyperlipidemia
Decrease sodium and fat calories |
|
|
Term
| hyperlipidemia - adolescents |
|
Definition
1 in 4 adolescents have high cholesterol
Risk factors: Dietary cholesterol is not the issue – family history, cigarettes, overweight, hypertension, diabetes, low levels of physical activity
Early intervention can prevent CAD later in life
Recc: 23-35% of calories fat, less than 10% sat, 300 mg chol, watch eating habits, limit portion sizes of high fat favorites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
40-64 years old
time of active family responsibilities, managing schedules and meals, review life accomplishments, recognizing mortality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
around 50 years old
in the middle of taking care of kids and taking care of elderly family member, multigenerational caregivers, health concerns and diseases start to arise, eyesight changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
age 65+
transition to retirement, more leisure time as kids have left and older people have passed on |
|
|
Term
| 4 Main Influtential Factors of Disease |
|
Definition
| diet, body weight, exercise, smoking |
|
|
Term
| What diseases are diet related? |
|
Definition
Cancer
Heart disease
Stroke
Diabetes
Liver disease |
|
|
Term
| what age does growing stop? |
|
Definition
| at about age 20; 2-3 years after menarce for W |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does muscle decline? |
|
Definition
| size and the mass of muscle decline around age 30; increase of body fat |
|
|
Term
| fat distribution changes with age |
|
Definition
central adiposity and intraabdominal fat increases
Fat distripution leads to increase in chronic diseases due to different molecules it produces
Hypertension, insulin resistance, diabetes, stroke, gallbladder disease, CAD (coronary artery disease) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| BMR + TEF + Activity(most variable; factors include Gender, size, age, type of physical activity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a way to find out energy expenditure
isotopes, excreted in water and saliva, EXPENSIVE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a way to find out energy expenditure
measures amount of oxygen intake and energy expenditure; uses respiratory quotion that estimates 24 hr energy expenditure |
|
|
Term
| "ballpark"caloric levels for adults |
|
Definition
Maintenance – 15 cal/lb
Loss – 13 cal/lb
Gain – 17 cal/lb |
|
|
Term
| Mifflin-St. Jeor E Estimation Formula |
|
Definition
Males: REE = (10Xwt) + (6.25 X ht) – (5 X age) + 5
Females: REE = (10Xwt) + 6.25Xht) – (5Xage) -161 |
|
|
Term
| best way to assess body weight |
|
Definition
BMI
doesnt apply to atheletes or children (use the charts) |
|
|
Term
| best way to assess body fat |
|
Definition
| Assess body fat w/ BOD POD (air displacement), calipers, hydrostatic weighing, DEXA, isotope, BIA (hand held thing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| independent risk factor; pear (gynoid) apple (android); central adiposity is a higher risk factor than hip fat, assoc with hyperlipidemia and affect insulin function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nutrients do we have a lower intake in compared to other populations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| whom are dietary supplements indicated for? |
|
Definition
| nutritionally compromised people (chemo), pregnant women, anyone restricting nutrients in their diet |
|
|
Term
| T/F No scientific body recommends taking a supplement on regular basis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
used to be known as food stamps |
|
|
Term
| Government extension programs |
|
Definition
run by govt
after school programs |
|
|
Term
| the leading causes of death in US adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what population of america is obese? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
complex
not just from eating too much food
hormone imbalance (leptin and ghrelin) individual additude
environmental issues (Advertising) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fat cells
can lead to chronic innflammation which can cause insulin resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Athletes with high muscle mass
Anyone with low muscle mass
Individuals with very dense or large bones
Dehyration or overhydration (water weight |
|
|
Term
| how do you correctly measure weight circumference? |
|
Definition
| Parallel to the floor and around the hip bone, measure after exhaling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bind a part of the stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suture a part of the stomach to create a pouch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sew intestines together to bypass most of the stomach |
|
|
Term
| who is recommended for bariatric surgery? |
|
Definition
BMI>40
BMI with severe medical risks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
coronary heart disease
#1 cause of death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cerebral vascular disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peripheral artery disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Men develop this at a younger age
Women catch up after menopause
Blacks develop at younger age, have higher BP levels
Mexicans have highest cholesterol levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| buildup of plaque, lesions in vessels healed by WBC, fatty acids and cholesterol contribute |
|
|
Term
| nutrition interventions for CHD |
|
Definition
Total fat intake from 25-35% of calories
Sat. <7% calories
Mono up to 20% calories
Poly <10% calories
Trans fat to <1% of calories
Dietary cholesterol <200 mg/day
CHO from 50-60% calories
Dietary fiber 20-30 g/day (5-10 g viscous -> consume sticky kind – oats, barely, flax, beans, some fruits and veggies; binds with water in gut and impedes absorption of cholesterol rich bile acids)
Weight reduction for overweight and obese
≥ 200 cal/day spent for physical activity
Plant Stanols/Sterols – 2-3 g/day (benecal, shown to reduce cholesterol levels, block things that transport cholesterol) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1/3 of US
combo of conditions: : abdominal obesity, high blood insulin, low HDL
associated with hyperinsulinemia
factors: sedentary lifestyle, high body fat, high caloric intake, high fat intake |
|
|
Term
| having a high blood glucose can result in....? |
|
Definition
high blood triglycerides
hypertension |
|
|
Term
| short term effects of diabetes |
|
Definition
Hunger & thirst
Fatigue
Urination
Weight
Blurred vision
Infections
Wound healing |
|
|
Term
| long term effects of diabetes |
|
Definition
Heart disease
Hypertension
Blindness
Kidney failure
Stroke
Poor circulation
Loss of limbs |
|
|
Term
| who has the highest rate of cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gene malfunction were uncontrolled cell growth happens, forming a tumor
mainly in epithelial tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal cells are transferred into cancer cells |
|
|
Term
| three factors linked to the progression of cancer |
|
Definition
1) Lifestyle (smoking, alcohol - esophageal, breast, and stomach cancer)
2) Dietary (low consumption of fruits and veggies)
3) Obesity (adipocytes are metabolically active, secrete hormones that can affect inflammation which is a perfect environment for cancer cells) |
|
|
