Term
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Definition
Infants grow most rapidly during first year
Growth reflects nutritional well-being & is therefore important in assessment of their nutritional status
Infant’s birth weight doubles by 4 months of age and triples by one year
Length (height) increases more slowly
Double their height by 4 years, triple by 13 years |
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Term
| infant: energy and nutrient needs |
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Definition
Total energy needs increase with age
One year old = 1,000 Cal/day
Three year old = 1,300 Cal/day
Ten year old = 2,000 Cal/day
Energy & nutrient needs are higher/kg body weight
Infant (birth-1 year) = 115 Cal/kg/day, 2.2 gm protein/kg/day
2 year old = 105 Cal/kg/day, 2.0 gm protein/kg/day
4 year old = 100 Cal/kg/day, 1.8 gm protein/kg/day |
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Term
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Definition
Need to eat more frequently than formula-fed infants
8-12 feedings/day
10-15 minutes duration
Signs of hunger:
Increased alertness
Activity
Suckling motions
Crying is a late indicator |
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Term
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Definition
Infant has less:
Stomach & intestinal disorders
Middle ear infections
Respiratory illness
Allergy protection
May protect against adult obesity and cardiovascular disease
May have a positive effect on later intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
Fats = main source of energy (55% Calories)
Contains cholesterol
Contains essential fatty acids = linoleic (-6) & linolenic (-3) acids
ARA (arachidonic acid) & DHA
Both important for brain development and vision
Now included in infant formulas |
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Term
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Definition
Carbohydrate = lactose
Easily digested by most infants
Unless lactose intolerant, then use soy formula
Increases Ca+2 Absorption
Protein = alpha–lactalbumin = most abundant protein in human milk
Easily digestible and complete (high quality)
Lactoferrin = helps with iron absorption and is antibacterial
Not casein (cow’s milk) |
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Term
| Breast Milk: Vits and Minerals |
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Definition
Vitamins & Minerals = Ample for most, except vitamin D
Natural breast milk is low in vitamin D
Should supplement for breast-fed only, with a little sun
Lower in sodium
Highly absorbable iron & zinc
6-12 months = iron-supplement (iron-fortified cereal) |
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Term
| Infant Formula and why it SUCKS |
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Definition
Not all mothers choose to or are able to breast feed
Formula has similar composition to breast milk
Made from cow’s milk
No protective antibodies
Newer formulas have ARA and DHA
Similac Advance, Enfamil Lipil
Important for brain development & eyesight
Can use soy formulas for those with milk allergies
Other options for colicky babies (Gentlease)
Are iron-fortified |
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Term
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Definition
Birth-4 Months = breast milk or Fe-fortified formula only
4-6 Months = Fe-fortified dry baby cereal
Rice first, then oatmeal
Be careful with wheat cereal (gluten allergy)
5-7 Months = strained veggies (first) and then fruits
Fruit juice (watch, so still consuming enough milk)
6-8 Months = strained meats, infant dinners, cottage cheese
8-10 Months = bread, cereal (cheerios), yogurt, soft cooked veggies
9-12 Months = soft finger foods |
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Term
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Definition
Can switch to whole milk at 12 months
Need more nutrients up to 12 months than cow’s milk provides
Cow’s milk higher in calcium, but lower in iron
Once taste milk, will not want formula
Need calories and fat from whole milk until about age 2
2-5 years old can transition to lower fat
2-3 cups/day
Try to wean off bottle by 18 months
NO honey until 12 months
C. botulinum spores
Infants immune system not able to handle them yet
AAP recommends NO peanuts or peanut butter until 3 yr
Although most parents often do earlier |
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Term
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Definition
Age 1-3 = 19g/day
Age 4-8 = 25g/day
Age 9-13:
Boys = 31g/day
Girls = 26g/day
Age 14-18:
Boys = 38g/day
Girls = 26g/day |
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Term
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Definition
No RDA for total fat
DRI committee recommends
30-40% of energy for children 1-3 yrs
25-35% of energy for children 4-18 yrs |
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Term
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Definition
Increases slightly with age
Protein recommendations
Must maintain nitrogen balance
Must be of good quality
Added needs with growth |
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Term
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Definition
Increase with age
Balanced diet can meet needs
May need more iron
Need 7-10 mg/day
Do not replace protein with too much milk
Add iron-rich foods |
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Term
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Definition
Many children have deficient diets
Diets of 88% of children 2-9 years old need improvement
FITS Study of 3000+ infants & toddlers
Fruits & vegetables were limited
Most common vegetable = French fries
Most common fruit = bananas |
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Term
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Definition
For 1,200 Calories:
6 servings = Grains
3 servings = veggies
2 each = fruit, meat dairy
Sparingly = sweets & fats |
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Term
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Definition
For 1,800 Calories:
6 oz grains
2 ½ cups veggies
1 ½ cups fruits
3 cups milk
5 oz meat & beans
Physical Activity |
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Term
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Definition
Children who eat breakfast function better
No breakfast:
Poorer concentration
Shorter attention span
Lower test scores
Tardy or absent more often
Low blood glucose |
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Term
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Definition
Causes an energy crisis
Affects mood, attention span & learning ability
More conduct disturbances
Affects brain before anemia develops
How to Prevent it:
Need 7-10 mg/day
Milk intakes must be limited after infancy
Eat lean meats, fish, poultry, eggs, & legumes
Also whole-grain or enriched breads & cereals |
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Term
| lead poisoning toxicity in kids |
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Definition
Mild toxicity
Diarrhea, irritability, anemia & fatigue
Severe toxicity
Irreversible nerve damage, paralysis, mental retardation, death |
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Term
| lead poisoning risk factors and outcomes |
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Definition
Risk factors:
Low socioeconomic background
Lack of immunizations
Pica: craving for nonfood items
Outcomes:
Smaller brains
300,000+ children in US have increased lead concentrations
Not easily secreted
Builds up in bones, brain, teeth & kidneys
Neuromuscular system also affected |
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Term
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Definition
Only 6-8% of children under 4 years
Peanut allergies are on the rise
Diminishes with age
Whole food protein or large molecule enters the body & acts like an antigen
Antibodies are produced
Not the same as a food intolerance
Does not involve the immune system
Example) Lactose Intolerance |
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Term
| Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Allergies |
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Definition
May produce antibodies & have no symptoms
If no antibodies, it is not an allergy |
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Term
| Food Allergies: Adverse Reactions |
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Definition
Monosodium glutamate
Natural laxatives in prunes
Symptoms of GI problems
Lactose & other intolerances
Psychological reactions
Food dislikes
May be nature’s way of protecting against an allergy |
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Term
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Definition
Affects behavior & learning in 5-10% of young children
Provide behavior modification, special education, psych counseling, drug therapy
Not caused by increased sugar
Food additives may contribute
Behavioral causes
Lack of sleep, over-stimulation, too much TV or video games, too much caffeine, lack of physical activity |
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Term
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Definition
Increased dramatically in past 30 years in US
32% age 2-19 overweight
16% are obese
BMI of >30 or in 95th percentile
Under 2 years, 95th percentile = obese; no BMI
Estimated 9 million US kids over 6 are obese |
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Term
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Definition
Parental obesity
Doubles the risk
One obese parent = 80% risk
Neither parent only 10% risk
Diet & physical inactivity
Convenience foods
TV & video games
High fructose corn syrup
Soft drinks
12 oz = 10 tsp sugar
Growth of overweight children
Earlier puberty
Shorter height
Stocky build |
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Term
| Characteristics of Obesity |
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Definition
High blood lipids
High blood pressure
Type 2 diabetes
Respiratory diseases such as asthma
Discrimination & rejection
Poor self-image
Sense of failure
Passive life approach |
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Term
| Prevention and Treatment of Obesity |
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Definition
Limit sugar-sweetened beverages & punches
Eat fruits & vegetables
Watch portion sizes
Eat low energy density, nutrient dense foods
Eat breakfast
Calcium rich foods
High fiber foods
Eat as a family
Limit restaurants
Limit TV or other screen time to 2 hours/day
60 minutes of moderate to vigorous activity daily
Try to maintain weight as child grows into it
Restricting Calories may stunt growth |
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Term
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Definition
Duration of 2 ½ yrs
Males: 12-13 yrs
Females: 10-11 yr
Male Growth Spurt
Greater muscle & bone
8 inches taller
45 pounds heavier
Female Growth Spurt
More fat
6 inches taller
35 pounds heavier |
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Term
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Definition
Vary depending on rate of growth, gender, body composition, & physical activity
Example) Active 15 year boy needs ~3,500 Cal/day to maintain their weight
Example) Inactive 15 year girl (growth spurt over) needs ~1,800 Cal/day
Thus, more important for girls to focus on physical activity and nutrient density |
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Term
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Definition
Becomes more apparent in teens and continues through adulthood
Highest in African American females & Hispanics of both genders
Many teenagers go on diets and often make many unhealthy weight loss attempts
Especially females
Can easily lead to nutrient deficiencies and eating disorders |
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Term
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Definition
Increases for both genders at age 14 or at adolescent growth spurt
Females need more due to menstruation
Males needs more as muscles develop
Girls needs stay high, boys return to lower level
For most girls in US, first period (menarche) ~12.5 years old
Need more iron after, especially if also in growth spurt
Iron deficiency is very common among teen girls
Fewer total Calories, fewer iron–rich foods
Score lower on standard test than non-deficient |
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Term
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Definition
Needs peek during adolescence
However 90% of females and 70% of males ages 12-19 consume calcium levels below recommendations
Paired with decreased physical activity, it leads to lower bone mass leads to osteoporosis later
Need to drink more milk |
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