Term
| Name four main mechanisms for antibiotic resistance in bacteria? |
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Definition
1. Gram Neg - altering porin stricture and preventing beta lactamases from entering
2. Gram +/- - Beta Lactamase enzymes cleave beta lactame rings of transpeptidase inhibitors
3. Gram+/- altering the molecular structure of transpeptidases
4. Gram+/- can actively pump out transpeptidase inhibitors |
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Term
| What are the adverse effects of penicillins? |
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Definition
| Because penicillins are made from fungal compounds, many can cause allergic reactions (IgE mediated) - bronchospasm, urtricaria, anaphylactic shock plus diarrhea by destroying the normal gut flora Penicillin G and V - |
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Term
| What is the therapeutic spectrum for beta-lactamase sensitive penicillins? |
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Definition
| Streptococci, Pneumococci (Strep pneumonia), meningococci (Neisseria meningititis) and Treponema Pallidium (syphillis) |
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Term
| Best drug to treat Gram + enterococci |
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Definition
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Term
| Best drug to treat meningitis caused by Listeria Monocytogenes |
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Definition
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Term
| Best drug to treat peptic ulcers |
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Definition
| To eradicate H Pylori, use Amoxicillin in combination with Clarythromyocin and PPI |
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Term
| Name common pathogens causing Otitis Media in children and the drugs that can treat it? |
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Definition
H Flu, S Pneumoniae, Moraxella Cataralis
Treat with Amoxicillin or Augmentin (Amoxicillin plus Clavulanate) |
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Term
| Drug of choice for Staph Aureus infections (endocarditis, cellulitis, sepsis) |
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Definition
| Nafcillin (Treat Staph with Naf) |
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Term
| First line of choice for MSSA |
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Definition
| Cloxacillin, Oxacillin, Methicillin and Nafcillin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Best treatment for Pseudomonas infections |
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Definition
| Ticarcillin, Carbenicillin, Piperacillin (A Piper fixing a car carburator) |
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Term
| First generation cephalosporins |
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Definition
Most have PH in them - must get your PhD in PHarm first!: Cephalothin, Cephapirin, Cefazolin.
These treat PEcks (Proteus Mirabilis, E. Coli, Klebsiella Pneumonia) |
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Term
| Second generation cephalosporins |
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Definition
Cefuroxime, Cefaclor, Cefoxitin (Foxy Fur Cefa)
Now treating HEN PEcKs (H Flu, Enterobacter, Neisseria, Proteus Mirabilis, E Coli, Klebsiella Pneumonia, Serratia Marcescens) Have T in them for "Three": Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime. |
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Term
| Third generation cephalosporins |
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Definition
| Treat serious Gram - infections resistant to other beta-lactams: Meningitis caused by H Flu and Pneumococcus, Ceftrizidime for Pseudomonas, Ceftriaxone for gonorrhea |
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Term
| Forth generation cephalosporin |
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Definition
| Cefepime - increased activity for Pseudomonas and Gram + organisms |
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Term
| Best drug to treat community acquired pneumonia |
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Definition
Strep Pneumonia and H Flu are the two most common causes of CAP. Also, H Flu and Moraxella Cataralis are common causes of sinusitis and otitis media.
Use Cefuroxime (you need to have some fur to cover you and prevent pneumonia or URI or otitis media) |
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Term
| The first line for treating meningitis in neonates, children and adults |
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Definition
| Ceftriaxone (third generation cephalosporine that can access axons through the BBB) |
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Term
| What drug can be used in Penicillin allergic patients to treat Gram Negative Aerobes |
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Definition
Ex. Pseudomonas
Aztreonam is a magic bullet for gram negative bacteria. Has little cross-reactivity with Penicillins.
Can use in addition with Gram positive coverage (like Vancomycin + Aztreonam or Clindamycin + Aztreonam) |
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Term
| What can be used to treat bacterial meningitis empirically? |
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Definition
| Chloramphenicol - kills most clinically important Cram +/- and anaerobic bacteria (even Bacteroides Fragilis) |
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Term
| Side effects of Chloramphenicol |
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Definition
| Bone marrow supression (from anemia to severe aplastic anemia) |
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Term
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Definition
Gray baby syndrome - neonates are unable to conjugate Chloramphenicol in their liver and excrete it thChloramphenicol - because neonates cannot conjugate it in their liver and later excrete through the kidneys rough the kidneys -> toxicity causes vasomotor collapse, abdominal distension and cyanosis
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Term
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Definition
| Chloramphenicol - because neonates cannot conjugate it in their liver and later excrete through the kidneys |
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Term
| What causes Pseudomembranous Colitis? |
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Definition
| Inhibits bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit. Works against Gram + and anaerobes (including Bacteroides Fragillis) |
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Term
| What is used to treat anaerobic aspiration pneumonia? |
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Definition
Used in dental and general surgeries, for prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis in dental surgeries.
Used to treat aspiration pneumonia, abdominal and pelvic absseses. |
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Term
| What is used to treat anaerobic aspiration pneumonia? |
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Definition
| Treatment with Clindamycin can lead to overgrowth of Clindamycin - resistant C. Difficile. Treat with Metronidazole (Preferr Metro as Choice PMC) |
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Term
| What is the major side effect of Clindamycin? |
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Definition
Clindamycin
Pseudomembranous Colitis |
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