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Nursing
Pharmacology 220
26
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 3
08/25/2011

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Name four main mechanisms for antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
Definition

1. Gram Neg - altering porin stricture and preventing beta lactamases from entering


2. Gram +/- - Beta Lactamase enzymes cleave beta lactame rings of transpeptidase inhibitors


3. Gram+/- altering the molecular structure of transpeptidases


4. Gram+/- can actively pump out transpeptidase inhibitors

Term
What are the adverse effects of penicillins?
Definition
Because penicillins are made from fungal compounds, many can cause allergic reactions (IgE mediated) - bronchospasm, urtricaria, anaphylactic shock plus diarrhea by destroying the normal gut flora Penicillin G and V -
Term
What is the therapeutic spectrum for beta-lactamase sensitive penicillins?
Definition
Streptococci, Pneumococci (Strep pneumonia), meningococci (Neisseria meningititis) and Treponema Pallidium (syphillis)
Term
Best drug to treat Gram + enterococci
Definition
Ampicillin, Amoxicillin
Term
Best drug to treat meningitis caused by Listeria Monocytogenes
Definition
Ampicillin, Amoxicillin
Term
Best drug to treat peptic ulcers
Definition
To eradicate H Pylori, use Amoxicillin in combination with Clarythromyocin and PPI
Term
Name common pathogens causing Otitis Media in children and the drugs that can treat it?
Definition
H Flu, S Pneumoniae, Moraxella Cataralis
Treat with Amoxicillin or Augmentin (Amoxicillin plus Clavulanate)
Term
Drug of choice for Staph Aureus infections (endocarditis, cellulitis, sepsis)
Definition
Nafcillin (Treat Staph with Naf)
Term
First line of choice for MSSA
Definition
Cloxacillin, Oxacillin, Methicillin and Nafcillin
Term
Best treatment for MRSA
Definition
Vancomycin
Term
Best treatment for Pseudomonas infections
Definition
Ticarcillin, Carbenicillin, Piperacillin (A Piper fixing a car carburator)
Term
First generation cephalosporins
Definition
Most have PH in them - must get your PhD in PHarm first!: Cephalothin, Cephapirin, Cefazolin. 
These treat PEcks (Proteus Mirabilis, E. Coli, Klebsiella Pneumonia)
Term
Second generation cephalosporins
Definition
Cefuroxime, Cefaclor, Cefoxitin (Foxy Fur Cefa)
Now treating HEN PEcKs (H Flu, Enterobacter, Neisseria, Proteus Mirabilis, E Coli, Klebsiella Pneumonia, Serratia Marcescens) 
Have T in them for "Three": Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime.
Term
Third generation cephalosporins
Definition
Treat serious Gram - infections resistant to other beta-lactams: Meningitis caused by H Flu and Pneumococcus, Ceftrizidime for Pseudomonas, Ceftriaxone for gonorrhea
Term
Forth generation cephalosporin
Definition
Cefepime - increased activity for Pseudomonas and Gram + organisms
Term
Best drug to treat community acquired pneumonia
Definition
Strep Pneumonia and H Flu are the two most common causes of CAP. Also, H Flu and Moraxella Cataralis are common causes of sinusitis and otitis media.
Use Cefuroxime (you need to have some fur to cover you and prevent pneumonia or URI or otitis media)
Term
The first line for treating meningitis in neonates, children and adults
Definition
Ceftriaxone (third generation cephalosporine that can access axons through the BBB)
Term
What drug can be used in Penicillin allergic patients to treat Gram Negative Aerobes
Definition
Ex. Pseudomonas
Aztreonam is a magic bullet for gram negative bacteria. Has little cross-reactivity with Penicillins.
Can use in addition with Gram positive coverage (like Vancomycin + Aztreonam or Clindamycin + Aztreonam)
Term
What can be used to treat bacterial meningitis empirically?
Definition
Chloramphenicol - kills most clinically important Cram +/- and anaerobic bacteria (even Bacteroides Fragilis)
Term
Side effects of Chloramphenicol
Definition
Bone marrow supression (from anemia to severe aplastic anemia)
Term
Gray baby syndrome
Definition

Gray baby syndrome - neonates are unable to conjugate Chloramphenicol in their liver and excrete it thChloramphenicol - because neonates cannot conjugate it in their liver and later excrete through the kidneys rough the kidneys -> toxicity causes vasomotor collapse, abdominal distension and cyanosis

 
 
Term
Clindamycin
Definition
Chloramphenicol - because neonates cannot conjugate it in their liver and later excrete through the kidneys
Term
What causes Pseudomembranous Colitis?
Definition
Inhibits bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit. Works against Gram + and anaerobes (including Bacteroides Fragillis)
Term
What is used to treat anaerobic aspiration pneumonia?
Definition
Used in dental and general surgeries, for prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis in dental surgeries.
Used to treat aspiration pneumonia, abdominal and pelvic absseses.
Term
What is used to treat anaerobic aspiration pneumonia?
Definition
Treatment with Clindamycin can lead to overgrowth of Clindamycin - resistant C. Difficile. Treat with Metronidazole (Preferr Metro as Choice PMC)
Term
What is the major side effect of Clindamycin?
Definition

Clindamycin

Pseudomembranous Colitis

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