Term
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Definition
| (VL) A bright red, raised lesion about 2 to 10cm in diameter. It does not blanch with pressure. It is usually present at birth or within a few months of birth. Typically, it dissapears by age 3. Causes: A cluster of immature capillaries; can appear on any part of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| (VL) A flat, irregularly shaped lesion ranging in color from pale red to deep purple-red. Color deepens with exertion, emotional response, or exposure to extremes of temperature. It is present at birth and typically does not face. Causes: a large, flat mass of blood vessels on the skin surface; most commonly appears on the face and head but may occur in other sites. |
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Term
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Definition
| (VL)A flat, bright red dot with tiny radiating blood vessels ranging in size from a pinpoint to 2cm. it blanches with pressure. Causes: a type of telangietasis (vascular dilation) caused by elevated estrogen levels, pregnancy, estrogen therapy, vitamin D deficiency, or liver disease, or may not be pathologic. Most commonly appears on the upper half of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| (VL) A flat blue lesion with radiating, cascading, or linear veins extending from the center. It ranges in size from 3 to 25 cm. Causes: a type of telangiectasis (vascular dilation) caused by increased intravenous pressure in superficial veins. Most commonly appears on the anterior chest and the lower legs near varicose veins. |
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Term
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Definition
| (VL) Are flat red or purple rounded "freckles" approx. 1 to 3 mm in diameter. They are difficult to detect in dark skin. DO not blanch. Causes: Minute hemmorrhages resulting from fragile capillaries, petechiae are caused by septicemias, liver disease, or vitamin C or K deficiency. They may also be caused by anticoagulant therapy. Most commonly appear on the dependent surfaces of the body (back, butt) but may occur elsewhere. Dark skinned- may appear on oral mucose and conjunctivae. |
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Term
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Definition
| (VL) Are flat, reddish blue, irregularly shaped extensive patches of varying size. Causes: Bleeding disorders, scurvy, and capillary fragility in the older adult (senile purpura). May appear anywhere on body, but are most noticeable on the legs, arms, and backs of hands. |
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Term
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Definition
| (VL) A flat, irregularly shaped lesion of varying size with no pulsation. It does not blanch with pressure. In light skin, it begins as a bluish purple mark that changes to greenish yellow. In brown skin, it varies from blue to deep purple. In black skin, it appears as a darkened area. Causes: release of blood from superficial vessels into surrounding tissue due to trauma, hemophilia, liver disease, or deficiency of vitamin C or K. Occurs anywhere on the body at the site of trauma or pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| (VL) A raised, irregularly shaped lesion similar to an ecchymosis except that it elevates the skin and looks like a swelling. Causes: a leakage of blood into the skin and subq tissue as a result of trauma or surgical incision. May occur anywhere on the body at the site of trauma, pressure, or surgical incision. |
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Term
PL= Primary Lesion
Macule, Patch |
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Definition
| PL- A flat, nonpalpable change in skin color. Macules are smaller than 1 cm with a circumscribed border, and patches are larger than 1cm and m,ay have an irregular border. Examples: Macules: freckles, measles, and petechia. Patches: mongolian spots, port-wine stains, vitiligo, and chloasma. |
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Term
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Definition
| PL- An elevated, solid palpable mass with circumscribed border. Papules are smaller than 0.5 cm; plaques are groups of papules that form lesions larger than 0.5 cm. Examples: Papules: elevated moles, warts, and lichen planus. Plaques: psoriasis, actinic keratosis, and also lichen planus. |
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Term
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Definition
| PL- A nodule, tumor is an elevated, solid, hard or soft palpable mass extending deeper into the dermis than a papule. Nodules have circumscribed borders and are 0.5 to 2 cm; tumors may have irregular borders and are larger than 2cm. Examples: Nodules: small lipoma, squamous cell carcinoma, fibroma, and intradermal nevi. Tumors: large lipoma, carcinoma, and hemangioma. |
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Term
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Definition
| PL- An elevated, fluid filled, round or oval shaped, palpable mass with thin, translucent walls are circumscribed borders. Vesicles are smaller than 0.5 cm; bullae are larger than 0.5 cm. Examples: Vesicles: herpes simplex/zoster, early chickenpox, poison ivy, and small burn blisters. Bullae- contact dermatitis, friction blisters, and large burn blisters. |
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Term
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Definition
| PL- An elevated, often reddish area with irregular border caused by diffuse fluid in tissues rather than free fluid in a cavity, as in vesicles. Examples: Insect bites and hives. |
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Term
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Definition
| PL- An elevated, pus-filled vescile or bulla with circumscribed border. Examples: Acne, impetigo, and carbuncles (large boils). |
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Term
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Definition
| PL- An elevated, encapsulated, fluid-filled or semisolid mass originating in the subq or dermin, usually 1cm or larger. Examples: varieties include sebaceous cysts and epidermoid cysts. |
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Term
SL=Secondary Lesion
Atrophy |
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Definition
| A translucent, dry, paperlike, sometimes wrinkled skin surface resulting from thinning or wasting of the skin due to loss of collagen and elastin. Examples: Striae, aged skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| SL- Is wearing away of the superficial epidermis causing a moist, shalow depression. Because erosions do not extend into the dermis, they heal without scaring. Examples: Scratch marks. ruptured vesicles. |
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Term
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Definition
| SL- A rough, thickened, hardened area of epidermis resulting from chronic irritation such as scratching or rubbing. Examples: Chronic dermatitis. |
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Term
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Definition
| SL- Shedding flakes of greasy, keratinized skin tissue. Color may be white, gray, or silver. Texture may vary from fine to thick. Examples: Dry skin, dandruff, psoriasis, and eczema. |
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Term
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Definition
| SL- Dry blood, serum, or pus left on the skin surface when vesicles or pustules burst. It can be red-brown, orange, or yellow. Large crusts that adhere to the skin surface are called scabs. Examples: Eczema, impetigo, herpes, or scabs following abrasion. |
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Term
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Definition
| SL-A deep, irregularly shaped area of skin loss extending into the dermis or subq tissue. It may bleed or leave a scar. Examples: Decubitus ulcers (pressure sores), stasis ulcers, chancres. |
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Term
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Definition
| AL- A linear crack with sharp edges into the dermis. Examples: Cracks at the corners of the mouth or in the hands, athlete's foot. |
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Term
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Definition
| SL- A flat, irregular area of connective tissue left after a lesion or wound has healed. New scars may be red or purple; older scars may be silvery or white. Examples: Healed surgical wound or injury, healed acne. |
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Term
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Definition
| SL- an elevated, irregular, darkened area of excess scar tissue cause by excessive collagen formation during healing. It extends beyond the site of the original injury. There is higher incidence in people of African descent. Examples: Keloid from ear-piercing or surgery. |
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Term
Configuration and Shapes of Lesions
Annular |
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Definition
| Lesions with a circular shape. Examples: Tinea corporis, pityriasis rosea. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lesions that run together. Examples: Urticaria |
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Term
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Definition
| Lesions that are separate and discrete. Examples: malluscum |
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Term
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Definition
| Lesions that are coiled or twisted |
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Term
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Definition
Lesions with concentric circles or color.
Examples: Erythema multiforme |
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Term
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Definition
| Lesions that appear as a line. Example: scratches |
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Term
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Definition
| Lesions that are circular but united. Examples: psoriasis |
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Term
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Definition
| Lesions that are arranged in a linear manner along a nerve route. Examples: Herpes Zoster |
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Term
Common Skin Lesions
Tinea |
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Definition
| Tinea is fungal infection affecting the body (tinea corporis), the scalp (tinea capitis), or the feet (tinea pedis, aka athlete's foot). Secondary bacterial infection may also be present. The appearance of the lesions varies, and they may present as papules, pustules, vesicles, or scales. |
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Term
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Definition
| Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that causes a rash of red to purple macules or papules. The rash begins on the face, then progresses over the neck, trunk, arms, and legs. It does not blanch. It may be accompanied by tiny white spots that look like grains of salt (called Koplik's spots) on the oral mucosa. It occurs mostly in children. |
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Term
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Definition
| A highly contagious disease caused by a virus. Typically it begins as a pink, papular rash that is similar to measles but paler. Like measles, it begins on the face, then spreads over the body. Unlike measles, itmay be accompanied by swollen glands. It is not accompanied by Koplik's spots. It occurs mostly in children. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mild infectious disease caused by the herpes zoster virus. It begins as groups of small, red, fluid-filled vescicles usually on the trunk, and progresses to the face, arms, and legs. Vesicles erupt over several days, forming pustules, then crusts. The condition may cause intense intching. It occurs mostly in children. |
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Term
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Definition
| A viral infection that causes characteristic lesions on the lips and oral mucosa. Lesions preogress from vesicles to putsules, and then crusts. Herpes simplex also occurs in the genitals. |
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Term
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Definition
| An Eruption of dormant herpes zoster virus, which typically has invaded the body during attack of chickenpox. Clusters of small vesicles form on the skin along the route of sensory nerves. Vesicles progress to pustules and then crusts. It causes intense pain and itching. The condition is more common and more severe in older adults. |
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Term
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Definition
Thickening of the skin in dry, silvery, scaly patches. It occurs with overproduction of skin cells resulting in build up of cells faster than they can be shed. It may be triggered by emotional stress or generally poor health. It may be located on scalp, elbows and knees, lower back, and perineal area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the skin due to an allergy to a substance that comes into contact with the skin, such as clothing, jewelry, plants, chemicals, or cosmetics. The location of the lesions may help identify the allergen. It may progress from redness to hives, vesicles, or scales and is usually accompanied by intense itching. |
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Term
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Definition
| Internally provoked inflammation of the skin causing reddened papules and vesicles that ooze, weep, and progress to form crusts. The lesions are usually located on the scalp, face, elbows, knees, forearms, torso, and wrists. Usually causes intense itching. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bacterial skin infection that usually appears on the skin around the nose and mouth. It is contagious and common in children. It may begin as a barely perceptible patch of blisters that breasks, exposing red, weeping are beneath. A tan crust soon forms over this area, and the infection may spread out of the edges. |
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Term
Malignant Skin Lesions
Basal Cell Carcinoma |
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Definition
| The most common but least malignant type of skin cancer. It is a pproliferation of the cells of the stratum basale into the dermis and subq tissue. The lesions begin as shiny papules that develop central ulcers with rounded, pearly edges. Lesions occur most often on skin regularly exposed to the sun. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arises from the cells on the stratum spinosum. It begins as a reddened, scaly papule, then forms a shallow ulcer with a clearly dilineated, elevated border. It commonly appears on the scalp, ears, back of the hands, and lower lip, and it thought to be caused by exposure to the sun. It grows rapidly. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the least common but most serious type of skin cancer, because it spreads repidly to lymph and blood vessels. The lesion contains areas of varied pigmentation from black to brown to blue or red. The edges are often irregular, with notched borders, adn the diameter is greater than 6mm. |
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Term
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Definition
| A malignant tumor of the epidermis and internal epithelial tissues. Lesions are typically soft, blue to purple, and painless. Other characteristics are variable: they ,ay be macular or papular and may resemble keloids or bruises. It is common in HIV- positive people. |
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Term
Abnormalities of the Hair
Seborrheic Dermatitis
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Definition
| Common in infants. It appears as eczema of yellow-white greasy scales on the scalp and forehead. It is aka cradle cap. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is patchy hair loss on the head with pustules on the skin. This highly contagious fungal disease is transmitted from the soil, from animals, or from person to person. |
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Term
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Definition
| There is no knows cause for the sudden loss of hair in a round balding patch on the scalp. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the infection of hair follicles and appears as pustules with underlying erythema. |
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Term
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Definition
| Infected hair follicles give rise to furuncles. There are hard, erythematous, pus-filled lesions. Abscesses are caused by bacteria entering the skin. These are larger lesions that furuncles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Excess body hair in females on the face, chest, abdomen, arms, and legs, following the male pattern. This example shows excessive hair on the female chin. It is typically due to endocrine or metabolic dysfunction, though it may be idiopathic. |
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Term
Abnormalities of the Nails
Spoon Nails |
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Definition
| Concavity and thinning of the nails which is commonly a congenital condition. |
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Term
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Definition
| An infection of the skin adjacent to the nail, usually caused by bacteria or fungi. The affected area becomes red, swollen, and painful, and pus may ooze from it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs from trauma or illness affecting nail formation. A linear depression develops at the base and moves distally as the nail grows. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can occur as a result of trauma or in endocarditis. These appear as reddish-brown spots in the nail. |
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Term
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Definition
| In clubbing, the nail appears more convex and wide. The nail angle is greater thatn 160 degrees. It occurs in chronic respiratory and cardiac conditions in which oxygenation is compromised. |
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Term
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Definition
| The nail plate loosens from the distal nail and proceeds to the proximal portion. |
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Term
The focus points of nursing |
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Definition
| wellness, prevention of disease, health maintnence, and health promotion |
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Term
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Definition
| Defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. |
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Term
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Definition
| May be defined as a systematic method of collecting data about a client for the purpose of determining the client's current and ongoing health status, predicting risks to health, and identifying health-promotion activities. Included the interview, physical assessment, documentation, and interpretation of findings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hands-on examination of the client. Components of it include survey and physical examination of systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Narrative notes, problem-oriented charting, scales, flow sheets or check sheets, charting by exception, focus documentation, and computer documentation. |
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Term
Interpretation of Findings |
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Definition
| Can be defined as making determintations about all of the data collected in the health assessment process. |
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Term
Techniques of Physical Assessment
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Definition
| Inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation |
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Term
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Definition
| Light, moderate, and deep. Light- used to assess surface characteristics such as skin texture, pulse, or a tender, inflammed area near the surface of the skin, 1cm. Moderate- used to assess most of the other structures of the body, 1 to 2cm. Deep- used to palpate an orgen that lies deep within a body cavity or when overlying musculature is thick, tense, or rigid, 2 to 4cm. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the nurse strikes a body part with an object, fingers, or reflex hammer, ultimately producing a measurable sound. It is used to determine the size and shape of organs and masses, and whether underlying tissue is solid or filled with fluid or air. |
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Term
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Definition
| The skill or listening to the sounds produced by the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to inspect internal eye structures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to inspect external ear structures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bits of information that kint at the possibilty of a health problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Begins during the interview phase of a comprehensive health assessment. Composed of four major categories of observation: physical appearance, mental status, mobility, and behavior of the client. |
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