Term
| Multivariate statistical procedures |
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Definition
| increasingly being used in nursing research to untangle complex relationships among three or more variables. |
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Term
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Definition
| makes predictions about the values of one variable based on values of a 2nd variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| method of predicting a continuous dependent variable on the basis of two or more independent (predictor) variables |
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Term
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Definition
False Positive - we think it has made a difference when it really hasnt.
alpha- our chance of a type I error |
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Term
| To what type of error can a small sample size lead? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A False Negative
Beta- our chance of type II error
Power- Chance of not committing a type II error, this is tied to sample size
We used G Power to figure how many people we need in our sample size. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| To control for type I error |
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Definition
Good alpha level
0.05 of less |
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Term
| To control for a type II error |
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Definition
We have to have a good sample size
or a good power
Beta
Power=1-Beta |
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Term
| The researcher is interested in the effect of different types of treatments (relaxation training and medication) on several types of anxieties (test anxiety and anxiety resulting from minor life stresses). Which statistical test should be used? |
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Definition
Monova
Tests the difference between the means of 2+ groups for 2+ DV simultaneously while controlling for 1+ covariable. |
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Term
| A researcher wants to predict how many visits to the doctor patients make based upon their height, weight, blood pressure, and stress level. Which statistical test should be used? |
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Definition
Multiple Linear Regression
Tests the relationship between 2 + IV and 1 DV; to predict a DV from 2+ IV's |
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Term
| A researcher wants to compare the post intervention cultural competence level of two groups of nurses while controlling for their pre-test level of cultural competence. Which statistical test should be used? |
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Definition
ANCOVA
test the difference between the means of 2+ groups, while controlling for 1+ covariant. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| A researcher wants to determine whether or not patients are likely to have hay fever based on what geographic location they live in, the season, and degree of nasal stuffiness. Which statistical test should be used? |
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Definition
Logistic regression
Tests the relationship between 2+IV's and 1 DV; to predict the probability of an event; to estimate relative risk. |
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Term
Prediction
What type of test? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Gives us odds ratio
Not necessarily a specific person |
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Term
Which of the following is true in a hierarchical regression?
A. All IV's are entered into the equation at the same time
B. IV's are entered based on the steps a researcher chooses
C. IV's are entered using statistical criterion to choose the order of entry |
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Definition
B.
Hierarchical multiple regression enters predictors into the equation in a series of steps controlled by researchers. |
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Term
Which of the following is true in a stepwise multiple regression?
A. All IV's are entered into the equation at the same time
B. IV's are entered based on the steps a researcher chooses
C. IV's are entered using statistical criterion to choose the order of entry |
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Definition
C.
Stepwise Multiple regression enters predictors in steps using a statistical criterior for order of entry. |
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Term
Which of the following is true in simultaneous multiple regression?
A. All IV's are entered into the equation at the same time
B. IV's are entered based on the steps a researcher chooses
C. IV's are entered using statistical criterion to choose the order of entry |
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Definition
A.
Simultaneous multiple regression enters all predictor variables into the regression equation at the same time. |
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Term
What is Sampling?
Population?
element? |
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Definition
Sampling is the process of selecting a portion of the population.
Population is an entire aggregate of cases.
Element is the basic population unit about which information is collected. |
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Term
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Definition
Used to establish population characteristics and to determine who could participate in a study
Inclusion: who can be included
Exclusion: Who should be excluded |
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Definition
| Population to which they want to generalize results about. |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which the sample is similar to the population and avoids bias. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the systematic over representation or under representation of some segment of the population |
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Term
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Definition
elements are selected by non random methods. Non probability methods are practical but usually have strong potential for bias.
Methods: convenience, quota, consecutive, and purposive sampling |
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Term
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Definition
| uses the most readily available or convenient group of people for the sample. |
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Term
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Definition
aka chain or network
A type of convenience sampling in which referrals for potential participants are made by those already in the sample. |
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Term
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Definition
| Divides the population into homogeneous strata (subpopulations) to ensure representation of subgroups; within each stratum, people are sampled by convenience. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves taking all of the people from an accessible population who meet the eligibility criteria over a specific time interval, or for a specified sample size. |
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Term
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Definition
| elements are handpicked to be included in the sample based on the researchers knowledge about the population |
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Term
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Definition
| designs which involve the random selection of elements from the population, yield more representative samples than nonprobability designs and permit estimates of the magnitude of sampling error. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the random selection of elements from a sampling frame that enumerates all the elements |
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Term
| Stratified random sampling |
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Definition
| divides the population into homogeneous strata from which elements are selected at random. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the sampling of large units |
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Term
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Definition
| there is a successive multistaged selection of random sammples from larger units (clusters) to smaller units (individuals) by either simple random or stratified random methods. |
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Term
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Definition
| selection of every kth case from a list. |
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Term
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Definition
| by dividing the population size by the desired sample size, the researcher establishes the sampling interval, which is the standard distance between the selected elements. |
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Term
power analysis?
Sample size?
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Definition
| In quantitative studes, researchers should use a power analysis to estimate sample size needs. Large samples are preferable to small ones because largers one enhance statistical conclusion validity and tend to be more representative, but even large samples do not guarantee representativeness. |
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Term
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Definition
Prediction - Predicts one nominal variable
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Term
| Multiple Linear Regression |
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Definition
Predicting multiple independent variables
Continuous dependent variable. |
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Term
Target Population
Vs.
Accessible Population |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Put everybody in a hat and everyone has a chance of being selected |
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Term
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Definition
| Everyone does not have an equal chance of being used. |
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Term
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Definition
Determines sample size
Alpha:
Beta: |
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Term
Threats to external validity-
External Validity- generalizability, can we take the findings to other people |
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Definition
Selection effects- limited access to participants
Reactive Effect/Hawthorne Effect- Changed behavior due to change of environment or realization that people were being studied.
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Term
| homogeneity/heterogeneity |
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Definition
homo-alike
hetero-different |
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Term
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Definition
What you might find if you look something up in a dictionary
Definition of a concept |
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Term
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Definition
How we measure a conceptual definition
Ex: Faces Scale for pain (the concept) |
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Term
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Definition
| A Control Group and an experimental group that has people randomly assigned to it. |
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Term
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Definition
| One group and they are not randomly assigned. They use the exact same people in all "groups". |
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Term
| To figure out what kind of study you have you ask yourself- Do I have an intervention, treatment, or therapy?? |
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Definition
If yes, Experimental or quasi-experimental.
If no, correlational, etc |
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Term
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Definition
Rank something based on words and then translate that into numbers...
Ex. Satisfied=4 |
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Term
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Definition
| Experts look at it to see if it is valid |
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Term
Cronbach's Coefficient- Internal Validity measurement
Most common internal validity measurement you see. |
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Definition
Measures internal consistency
Correlation between the way people answer questions
Looks to see if people are answering the same kind of way to the same kind of questions. |
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Term
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Definition
threat that arises from attrition in groups being compared.
Risk of attrition is great when the length of time between points of data collection is long. |
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Term
| Threats to Internal Validity |
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Definition
Temporal Ambiguity
Selection
History
Maturation
Mortality
Testing and Instrumentation |
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Term
| Role of mixed method research |
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Definition
a lot of topics best explored using both sides of things...
study more completely/wholly
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Term
| can a mixed methods study have one research question? |
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Definition
No. The whole point of mixed methods is to look at qualitative and quantitative.
You need a separate research question. |
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Term
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Definition
Parrallel- Participants are either in one strand or the other
Identical- same participants in both strands
Nested- some of the participants from one strand are in the other strand
Multi-level-people picked from different level of heirarchy or from different populations |
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Term
| Quality Criteria in mixed methods research |
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Definition
| inference quality- the believability and accuracy of inductively and deductively derived conclusions |
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Term
| Mixed methods studies involve at least how many questions that require different types of data? |
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Definition
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Term
| In terms of sequencing, mixed method designs can either be concurrent or sequential. What is a concurrent desin? |
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Definition
aka: parallel
Both strands occuring in one simultaneous phase. |
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Term
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Definition
| one strand occurring prior to and informing the second strand |
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Term
| Notation for mixed method research designates both priority and sequence. How is priority identified for the dominant strand? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Look at sequencing/timing |
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Term
| Notation for mixed method research designates both priority and sequence. What type of research is identified by QUAN(qual)? |
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Definition
| Qualitative study embedded within a quantitative study. |
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Term
| What type of sampling strategy occurs when some of the participants from one strand are included in the other strand? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following best desribes the use of meta-matrices? |
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Definition
| Both qualitative and quantitative data are arrayed in a spreadsheet type of matrix. |
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Term
| The purpose of which type of design is to obtain different, but complementary data about the central phenomenon under study? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| one type of data is used in a supportive capacity in a study based primarily on the other data type. |
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Term
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Definition
sequential designs with quantitative data collected in the first phase, followed by qualitative data collected in the second phase.
Either quantitative/qualitative can be priority. |
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Term
| Which of the following types of research designs would most likely use a correlational model? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Looking for a relationship between two things. |
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Term
| Criteria that have been proposed for enhancing the integrity of mixed methods studies included inference quality and inference transferability. What is inference transferability? |
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Definition
| Degree to which conclusion can be applied to similar people or contexts. |
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Term
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Definition
| integrate research evidence about a specific research question using carefully feveloped sampling and data collection procedures that are spelled out in advance |
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Term
| What is a systematic review? |
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Definition
| Use of carefully developed sampling and data collection procedures that are spelled out in advance in a protocol. |
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Term
| What is a criterion for using meta-analytic technique in a systematic review? |
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Definition
| The independent variable and the dependent variable should be similar enough to merit integration. |
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Term
| What is considered an advantage of a meta-analysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common affect size index in nursing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is one way that heterogeneity can be assessed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of a subgroup analysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| There is no consensus on whether systematic reviews should include the grey literature. What is grey literature? |
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Definition
Studies with limited distribution.
Ex. Unpublished report, dissertation |
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Term
| Publication bias stems from? |
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Definition
| underrepresentation of nonsignificant findings in the published literature. |
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Term
| How can publication bias be examined? |
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Definition
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