Term
| Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design |
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Definition
| the subjects are randomly assigned to groups then a pretest is given to both groups and the experimental group receives the treatment while the other group receives routine treatment or none at all. Afterward a posttest is given to both groups |
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| Posttest-Only Control Group Design |
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Definition
| subjects are randomly assigned to groups and the experimental group receives the treatment while the other group receives the routine treatment or none. Afterward the posttest is given to both groups |
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Term
| Solomon Four-Group Design |
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Definition
| randomly assigned to 4 groups, experimental group 1 and comparison group 1 are pretested, experimental group 1 and experimental group 2 receive the experimental tx while the comparison groups receive routine tx and a posttest is given to all 4 groups |
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Term
| Quasi-Experimental Design |
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Definition
| this is if the groups are not randomly assigned |
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Term
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Definition
| investigations in which self-report data are collected from samples with the purpose of describing populations on some variable or variables interest |
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Definition
| How X relates to Y, the closer to -1 or +1 the stronger the relationship |
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Definition
| as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable increases |
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Definition
| as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable decreases |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of statements that describes or explains phenomena in a systematic way. they are composed of concepts and the relationship between them |
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Definition
| a word picture or mental idea of a phenomenon, they may be concrete or abstract |
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Definition
| a concept that can't be directly observed but must be inferred by certain concrete or less abstract indicators of the phenomenon |
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Definition
| statements of the relationship between concepts. all theories contain propositional statements |
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Definition
| a symbolic representation of phenomena that can be structural, pictorial, diagrammatic, or mathematical |
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Definition
| made up of concepts and propositions that state the relationship between the concepts; usually abstract and aren't readily observable in the empirical world. |
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Term
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Definition
| helps explain the relationship between concepts but instead of being based on one theory it's based on several theories |
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Term
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Definition
| proceeds from the theory to the data |
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Definition
| proceeds from data to theory |
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Definition
| involves the use of a random selection process to select a sample from members or elements of a population |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of probability sampling that ensures each element of the population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen |
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Term
| stratified random sampling |
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Definition
| the population is subdivided into subgroups or strata according to some variable or variables of importance to the research study and then the population is divided into two or more strata and a simple random sample is taken from each of these subgroups |
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Term
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Definition
| large groups, or clusters, become the sampling units to obtain the sample of nurse administrators, the first clusters to be sampled would be acquired by drawing a simple random sample or stratified random sample of states in the US then cities would be chosen from states, then hospitals from those cities then nurses from those hospitals |
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Term
| Systematic random sampling |
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Definition
involves selecting every kth element of the population such as every 5th, 8th, or 21st element.
example: k=500/50=10 |
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Term
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Definition
| the sample elements are chosen from the population by nonrandom methods |
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Term
| snowball sampling aka network sampling |
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Definition
| a method of sampling that involves the assistance of study subjects to help obtain other potential subjects. |
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Term
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Definition
involves dividing the population into homogeneous strata and selecting sample elements from each of these strata
obtains members through convenience samples |
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Definition
involves handpicking of subjects
many qualitative studies include purposive sampling |
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Term
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Definition
| follows subjects over a period of time in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| examines subjects at one point in time |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference between data obtained from a random sample and the data that would be obtained if an entire population was measured |
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Term
| nominal level of measurement |
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Definition
objects or events are categorized and must be distinct from each other
example: religion, marital status, politics |
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Term
| ordinal level of measurement |
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Definition
the exact differences between the ranks can't be specified with this type of data
example: anxiety levels of people in therapy might be categorized as mild moderate or severe |
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Term
| interval level of measurement |
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Definition
| concerns data that not only can be placed in categories and ranked, but also the distance between the ranks can be specified. actual numbers such as temperature |
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Term
| ratio level of measurement |
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Definition
includes data that can be categorized and ranked along with the distance between ranks can be specified and a true or natural zero point can be identified
example; the amount of money in your bank account |
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Term
| converting data to a lower level of measurement |
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Definition
| you can only convert from a high level to a lower level of measurement |
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Term
| determing the appropriate level of measurement |
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Definition
| you need reliability which will be consistent and stable |
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Term
| internal consistency reliabilty |
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Definition
addresses the extent to which all items on an instrument measure the same variable
example: an instrument to measure depression |
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Term
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Definition
| concerns its ability to gather the data that it is intended to gather |
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Definition
| when a cursory examination shows that it is measuring what it is supposed to measure |
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Definition
| concerned with the scope or range of items used to measure the variable |
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Definition
| concerned with the extent to which an instrument corresponds to or is correlated with some criterion measure of the variable of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| compares an instrument's ability to obtain a measurement of subject's behavior that is comparable to some other criterion of that behavior |
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Definition
| is concerned with the degree to which an instrument measures the construct it is supposed to measure |
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Term
| relationship between reliability and validity |
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Definition
| reliability is considered first because an instrument can't be considered valid unless it is reliable |
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