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Definition
| what would have happened to the same people exposed to a causal factor if they simultaneously were not exposed to the causal factor |
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| represents the difference between what actually did happen with the exposure and what would have happened without it |
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| involves similar evidence from multiple sources |
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Definition
| involves having similar levels of statistical relationship in several studies |
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| evidence from basic physiologic studies that a causal pathway is credible |
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Definition
| involves the observation of the dependent variable at two points in time: before and after the treatment |
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| refers to a group of participants whos performance on a dependent variable is used to evaluate the performance of the experimental group on the same dependent variable |
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| the group receiving the intervention |
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Definition
| every participant has an equal chance of being included in any group |
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Definition
| involves randomizing subjects into different groups and then measuring the dependent variable |
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Definition
| baseline data on the dependent variable, before the intervention |
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| outcome data on the dependent variable, after the intervention |
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Definition
| effects resulting from the manipulated variables |
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Definition
| effects resulting from combining the treatments |
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Definition
| involves exposing participants to more than one treatment |
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Definition
| when subjects are exposed to two different treatments, they may be influenced in the second condition by their experience in the first |
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Definition
| stipulate exactly what the treatment is for those in the experimental group |
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Definition
| knowledge of being in a study may cause people to change their behavior, thereby obscuring the effect of the research variable |
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Term
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Definition
| controlled trials without randomization; involves an intervention |
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Term
| Nonequivalent control group before-after design |
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Definition
| involves two or more groups of subjects observed before and after teh implementation of an intervention |
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Term
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Definition
| in quasi-experiments, this is used in lieu of control group to refer to the group against which outcomes in the treatment group are evaluated |
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Term
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Definition
| involves collecting data over an extended time period, and introducing the treatment during that period |
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Definition
| an alternative explanation, competing with the researcher's hypothesis, for interpreting the results of a study |
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Definition
| a non-experimental research design involving the comparison of "cases" and matched controls |
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Term
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Definition
| start with a presumed cause and then go forward to the presumed effect |
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Definition
| nonexperimental; the purpose is to observe, describe, and document aspects of a situation |
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Definition
| a study design in which researchers seek to describe relationships among variables, without attempting to infer causal connections |
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Definition
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Definition
| involves the collection of data at one point in time (or multiple times in a short period); all phenomena under study are captured during one data collection period |
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| when researchers collect data at more than one point in time over an extended period |
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| a longitudinal study that involves collecting data from different people in a population to determine trends over time |
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| longitudinal studies of general (nonclinical) populations |
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Term
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Definition
| undertaken to determine the subsequent status of subjects with a specified condition or those who received a specified intervention |
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Definition
| the loss of participants in a study over time |
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Term
| Consistancy of conditions |
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Definition
| needed so that researchers can be confident that outcomes reflect the influence of the independent variable and not the study content |
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Term
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Definition
| steps taken to ensure that an intervention is faithfully delivered in accordance with its plan and that the intended treatment was actually received |
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Definition
| an alternative to randomization; only subjects who are homogeneous with respect to confounding variables are included in the study |
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Definition
| involves using information about subject characteristics to form comparable groups |
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Term
| Statistical conclusion validity |
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Definition
| the degree to which inferences about relationships and differences from a statistical analysis of the data are accurate |
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Definition
| the ability of the design to detect true relationships among variables |
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| Threats to internal validity |
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Definition
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| encompasses biases resulting from preexisting differences between groups |
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| the occurrence of events concurrent with the independent variable that can affect the dependent variable |
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| arises from processes occurring as a result of time rather than the independent variable |
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| refers to any kind of change that occurs as a function of time |
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Definition
| the threat that arises from attrition in groups being compared |
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| concerns inferences aobut the extent to which relationships observed in a study hold true fro different people, conditions, and settings |
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Definition
| involves inferences from the particulars of the study to the higher-order constructs they are intended to represent |
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