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Nursing Research Ch. 9
Ch. 9
48
Nursing
Professional
06/15/2011

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Term
Counterfactual
Definition
what would have happened to the same people exposed to a causal factor if they simultaneously were not exposed to the causal factor
Term
Effect
Definition
represents the difference between what actually did happen with the exposure and what would have happened without it
Term
Coherence
Definition
involves similar evidence from multiple sources
Term
Consistency
Definition
involves having similar levels of statistical relationship in several studies
Term
Biologic plausibility
Definition
evidence from basic physiologic studies that a causal pathway is credible
Term
Pretest-Posttest design
Definition
involves the observation of the dependent variable at two points in time: before and after the treatment
Term
Control group
Definition
refers to a group of participants whos performance on a dependent variable is used to evaluate the performance of the experimental group on the same dependent variable
Term
Experimental group
Definition
the group receiving the intervention
Term
Randomization
Definition
every participant has an equal chance of being included in any group
Term
Posttest-only design
Definition
involves randomizing subjects into different groups and then measuring the dependent variable
Term
Pretest data
Definition
baseline data on the dependent variable, before the intervention
Term
Posttest data
Definition
outcome data on the dependent variable, after the intervention
Term
Main effects
Definition
effects resulting from the manipulated variables
Term
Interaction effects
Definition
effects resulting from combining the treatments
Term
Crossover design
Definition
involves exposing participants to more than one treatment
Term
Carryover effects
Definition
when subjects are exposed to two different treatments, they may be influenced in the second condition by their experience in the first
Term
Protocols
Definition
stipulate exactly what the treatment is for those in the experimental group
Term
Hawthorne effect
Definition
knowledge of being in a study may cause people to change their behavior, thereby obscuring the effect of the research variable
Term
Quasi-experiments
Definition
controlled trials without randomization; involves an intervention
Term
Nonequivalent control group before-after design
Definition
involves two or more groups of subjects observed before and after teh implementation of an intervention
Term
Comparison group
Definition
in quasi-experiments, this is used in lieu of control group to refer to the group against which outcomes in the treatment group are evaluated
Term
Time-series design
Definition
involves collecting data over an extended time period, and introducing the treatment during that period
Term
Rival hypothesis
Definition
an alternative explanation, competing with the researcher's hypothesis, for interpreting the results of a study
Term
Case-control design
Definition
a non-experimental research design involving the comparison of "cases" and matched controls
Term
Prospective design
Definition
start with a presumed cause and then go forward to the presumed effect
Term
Descriptive research
Definition
nonexperimental; the purpose is to observe, describe, and document aspects of a situation
Term
Descriptive correlation
Definition
a study design in which researchers seek to describe relationships among variables, without attempting to infer causal connections
Term
Self-selection
Definition
selection bias
Term
Cross-sectional design
Definition
involves the collection of data at one point in time (or multiple times in a short period); all phenomena under study are captured during one data collection period
Term
Longitudinal design
Definition
when researchers collect data at more than one point in time over an extended period
Term
Trend study
Definition
a longitudinal study that involves collecting data from different people in a population to determine trends over time
Term
Panel studies
Definition
longitudinal studies of general (nonclinical) populations
Term
Follow-up studies
Definition
undertaken to determine the subsequent status of subjects with a specified condition or those who received a specified intervention
Term
Attrition
Definition
the loss of participants in a study over time
Term
Consistancy of conditions
Definition
needed so that researchers can be confident that outcomes reflect the influence of the independent variable and not the study content
Term
Intervention fidelity
Definition
steps taken to ensure that an intervention is faithfully delivered in accordance with its plan and that the intended treatment was actually received
Term
Homogeneity
Definition
an alternative to randomization; only subjects who are homogeneous with respect to confounding variables are included in the study
Term
Matching
Definition
involves using information about subject characteristics to form comparable groups
Term
Statistical conclusion validity
Definition
the degree to which inferences about relationships and differences from a statistical analysis of the data are accurate
Term
Statistical power
Definition
the ability of the design to detect true relationships among variables
Term
Threats to internal validity
Definition
competing explanations
Term
Selection threat
Definition
encompasses biases resulting from preexisting differences between groups
Term
History threat
Definition
the occurrence of events concurrent with the independent variable that can affect the dependent variable
Term
Maturation threat
Definition
arises from processes occurring as a result of time rather than the independent variable
Term
Maturation
Definition
refers to any kind of change that occurs as a function of time
Term
Mortality
Definition
the threat that arises from attrition in groups being compared
Term
External validity
Definition
concerns inferences aobut the extent to which relationships observed in a study hold true fro different people, conditions, and settings
Term
Construct validity
Definition
involves inferences from the particulars of the study to the higher-order constructs they are intended to represent
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