Term
| what are the organs that make up the gastrointestinal tract? |
|
Definition
| Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine and Large intestine |
|
|
Term
| Holds the food until digested |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first and shortest portion of the small intsstine? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the longest portion of the small intestine? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Joins the small and larg intestine? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the 5 processes involved in the body's use of nutrients? |
|
Definition
| Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Metabolism and Excretion |
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Term
| A mechanical and chemical process that converts nutrients into a physically absorbable state. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Breaking of food into fine particles and mixing it with enzymes in saliva? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Peristalic waves and mucous secretions used to move the food down the esophagus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Process whereby the products of digestion pass through the epathelial membranes in the small and large intestines and into the blood and lymph system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Finger like projections lining the small intestine |
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Definition
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Term
| The conversion of nutrients into energy. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two processes of metabolism? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Constructive process of metabolism that synthesizes new molecules. |
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Definition
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Term
| Destuctive process of metabolism where tissues or substances are broken into their component parts. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemical process of combining nutrients with oxygen. |
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Definition
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Term
| usual units of expressing energy. |
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Definition
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Term
| Amount of energy needed to maintain essential physiologic functions of the body such as resperation, circulation, and muscle tone of a person at complete rest, both mentaly and physicaly. |
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Definition
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Term
(Vitamins) Aids in night vision, protes growth of bones and teeth. Deficiency leads to night blindness, dry and scaly skin, diarrhea and respiratory infections.
Found in: fish oils, carrots, sweet potatoes, broccoli, cantaloupe and green leafy veg. RDA- 800-1000 retinol equivalent. |
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Definition
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Term
(Vitamin) Stimulates absorption of calcium and phosphorus for bone mineralization.
Deficency leads to rickets, malformed teeth and bone deformities.
Found in- yeast, fish liver oils, cereals and fortified milk. RDA 5-10ug |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Essential organic compounds used to regulate body processes and are needed in small amounts? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vitamins require the presence of fats for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract into the lymphatic system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamins that are not stored int he body and require normal quantities of water are called waht? and what are the vitamins? |
|
Definition
| Water-soluble vitamins. C and B-complex |
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Term
(Vitamin) Acts as an antioxidant, maintains cell membrane integrity, and protects red blood cells from hemolysis.
Deficiency leads to increased red blood cell hemolysis.
Found in vegitable oils, leafy vegitables, and wheat germ. RDA 8-10mg |
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Definition
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Term
(Vitamin) Resposible for synthesis of prothrombin needed for normal blood clotting. Is found in dark green leafy vegetables and mede by intestinal bacteria.
Deficiency leads to delayed blood clotting. RDA: 70-140ug |
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Definition
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Term
(Vitamin) Resposible for building and maintaining strong tissue,promoting wound healing, aiding in resisting infection and enhancing iron absorbtion. Found in citrus fruits, green and red peppers, tomatoes, melons, cabbage, broccoli and strawberries.
deficiency leads to scurvy, easy bruising, delayed wound healing, swollen and inflamed gums and secondary infections.
RDA: 60mg |
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Definition
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Term
(Vitamin) Resposible for promoting carbohydrate metabolism and ensuring normal nervous system functioning. Founf in enriched grains and cereals, pork and legumes.
Deficiency leads to beriberi, mental confusion, anorexia, faigue and muscle weakness RDA:1-1.4mg |
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Definition
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Term
(Vitamin) Responsible for promoting carbohydrate, protine and fat metabolism; promoting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis and aiding in protine synthesis. Found in milk products, meat, poultry, fish and enriched grains and cereals.
Deficiency leads to oral lesions, dermatitis, cheilosis, red and swolin tongue and reddening of the cornea. RDA:1.2-1.7mg |
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Definition
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Term
(Vitamin) aids in oxidation, promotes carbohydrate, protine and fat metabolism; and aids tissue protine building. Found in meat, poultry, fish, legumes, enriched grains and peanuts.
Deficiency leads to pellagra, anorexia, apathy, weakness, dermatitis and dementia. RDA: 13-19mg |
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Definition
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Term
(Vitamin) Neccessary for amino acid metabolism, promotes blood formation and maintains nervous tissue. found in chicken, fish, pork and eggs.
Deficiency leads to depression, dermititis, abnormal brain wave patterns, seizures and anemia. RDA: none |
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Definition
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Term
(Vitamin) Promotes normal function of all cells, especially those of the nervous system; promotes blood formation also promotes carbohydrate, protine and fat motabolism and aids in synthesis of RNA and DNA. Found in fresh shrimp, oysters, meats, egg and cheese.
Deficiancy results in pernicious anemia, anorexia, indegestion, parasthesia of hands and feet and depression. |
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Definition
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Term
| a disease caused by deficiency of niacin or tryptophan.characterized by gastrointestinal disturbances and erythema and nervous or mental disorders; may be caused by malnutrition or alcoholism or other nutritional impairments? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A severe form of anemia caused by vitamin B12 insufficiency. (also known as Biermer's anemia, Addison's anemia, or Addison-Biermer anemia) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness of a person's skin? |
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Definition
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Term
Necessary for synthesis of RNA and DNA, promotes amino acid metabolism, RBC and WBC formation. Found in green leafy vegetables, milk, eggss and yeast.
Deficiency results in glossitis, diarrhea and macrocytic anemia. RDA: 400ug |
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Definition
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|
Term
| inflammation of the tongue |
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Definition
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|
Term
| anemia in which the average size of erythrocytes is larger than normal? |
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Definition
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Term
| promotes carbohydrate, protine and fat matabolism. found in animal tissue, whole-grain cereals, legumes and milk. |
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Definition
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Term
| Promotes carbohydrate and fat motabolism and is necessary for glycogen formation. found in egg yolk, yeast, milk, soy flours, legumes and is made by the intestinal bacteria |
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Definition
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|
Term
| These do not require digestion? |
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Definition
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Term
| a group of about 600 nutrients; they are neither vitamin nor phytochemicals. most are converted to vitamin A. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most studies carotenoid. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Inorganic elements udsed to regulate body processes and/or serve as structural components of the body. |
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Definition
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Term
(mineral) Functions include bone and tooth formation, blood clotting, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, membrane permeability and activation of certain enzymes. found in milk and dairy, canned fish with bones and green leafy vegetables.
Defecincey leads to osteoporosis, tetany and uncontrolled seizures. RDA: 800mg |
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Definition
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Term
(Mineral) Bone and tooth formation, acid-base balance, component of nucleic acid, fat absorption and transport and glucose absorption. Found in milk products, meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dried peas, dries beans, nuts and soft drinks.
deficiency leads to anorexia, weakness, circumoral parastheisa and hyperventalation. RDA:800mg |
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Definition
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|
Term
(Mineral) fluid ballance, acid-base balance, muscular irratability, cel permeability. Found in salt, meats, vegetables, sodium products, milk, carrots
deeciency leads to clammy skin, decreased skin turgor, confusion, anxiety, hypotension, tachacardia, headache, tremors, seizures. RDA: 1100-3300um |
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Definition
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Term
(Meniral) Nurve impulse transmission, striated skelital and cardiac muscle activity, carbohydrate metabolism, protiene synthesis. Found in whole grains, legumes, fruits, leafy vegetables, broccoli, sweet potatoes, meat and tomatoes.
Defecency leads to muscle cramps, and weakness, cardiac muscle weakness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, mental depression. shallow resperation. RDA:1875-5625mg |
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Definition
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|
Term
(Mineral) Bone and tooth formation, smooth muscle relaxation, carbohydrate metabolism, protine synthesis, hormonal activity and cell reproduction and growth. Found in green leafy vegetables, nuts, dried peas, dried beans, grains, seafood, cocoa, and cocolate.
Defecincy leads to CNS irritability, loss of muscular control, tremors, disorientation, tetany, and convulsions. RDA:350mg |
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Definition
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|
Term
(Mineral) Component of gastric juices, fluid balance, acid-base balance. Found in salt and processed foods.
Deficiency leads to muscle cramps and anorexia. |
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Definition
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|
Term
(Mineral) a component of cartilage, tendons, hair and nails. Found in some amino acids and several B vitamins found in protine.
Deiciency does not occur unless severe protine defiency. NO RDA |
|
Definition
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|
Term
(Trace mineral) Functions include oxygen transport via hemoglobinand myoglobin. Found in liver, lean meats, whole grain breads and cereals.
Deficiency leads to microcytic anemia, pallor, decreased work capacity, fatigue, weakness. RDA:10-18mg |
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Definition
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|
Term
(Trace mineral) functions as a component fo thyroid hormones. Found in iodized salt, seafood, food additivesand dairy disinfectant.
Deficiency leads to goiter.RDA 150mg |
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Definition
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|
Term
(Trace mineral) tissue growth, development and healing; sexual maturation and reproduction; enzyme formation , and immune response. Found in oysters, liver, meats, poultry, dried peas, dried beans and nuts
Deficency leads to impaired growth, sexual maturation, skin lesions, decreased since of taste and smell. RDA:15mg |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Minerals required in amounts less then 100mg/day. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Minerals required in amounts greater then 100mg/day. |
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Definition
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|
Term
(Trace mineral) Strengthens tooth and bone stuctures. Found in drinking water, tea and fish.
Deficency leads to dental caries. RDA:1
.5-4mg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Trace mineral) A Constituent of vitamin B12. Found in liver, meat, milk, cheese and eggs. no RDA |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This identifies the food groups and amounts of serving from each groups that an indavedual should consume each day. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A person should have 2-4 servings a day of this |
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Definition
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|
Term
| High in fat and should only have 2-3 servings of this. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| this catagory is at the top of the food pyramid. lots of empty calories. have the most fat and sugar. |
|
Definition
| Fats, Oils and sweets group |
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|
Term
| The level of intake of essential nutrients considered adaquate to meet the known nutritional needs of a healty person is known as what. |
|
Definition
| Recommended dietary allowance (RDA) |
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|
Term
| The nurse can determine an individual's ideal body weight by using what for men and women. |
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Definition
| Rule of 5 for woman and Rule of 6 for men |
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|
Term
| (Diets) two high of a proportion of sweet ans salt, snack type low nutrient foods. They me deficient in calcium, vitamins A,C, and Riboflavin (B2) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| (Diet) May have a great deal of carbs and fats and limited amounts of protine in sme cases. Iron, calcium, Vitamins A and C may be defecient. Diet commonly is hot breads, grits rice, watermelons, peaches and fried fish. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| (Diets) Heavy on beans, rice, chili peppers, tomatoes and corn meal. Usualy not enough milk is taken in. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| (Diets) Rice is the basic carbohydrate, beans, plantains, tomatoes and peppers. bananas, pineapple, mangoes and papayes are poular fruit. favorite meats are chicken, beef and pork. milk is no tused as much as it should. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| (Diets) consists of pastas and various tomato and fish sauces and cheese. adding aditinal low- fat items would make this diet more complete. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| (Diets) consist of grains, wheat and rice as well as chick peas, lamb, yogert, cabbage, tomatoes, dates, olives and figs. there is insufficient protine and calcium. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| (Diets) Rice is the primary source of energy in place of bread. very slaty diet and tea is the common beverage. not much calcium |
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Definition
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|
Term
| (Diets) rice, vegatables, lots of soy, and many foods are served tempora style(fryed). almost total lack of milk. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| (Diets) Usually vegetarian, including eggs and dairy products. spices such as curry are popular. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| (Religios based diet) may observe dietary laws, including kosher foods, and have prescribed fasting days. Chicken and fresh fish are popular. may lack vegetables and milk. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| (Religious based diet) May not allow meats during certin days in lent. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| (Religous based diet) Follow ovolactovegetarian diets. Use milk products and eggs, but no fish, meat or pultery. alchohol coffee and tea are bad |
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Definition
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|
Term
| (Religious based diet) Observe a diet restricting the use of coffee, tea and alcohol |
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Definition
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|
Term
| (Religious based diet) Prohidit the use of pork and alcohol and other meats must be slaughtered according to specific laws. during the month of ramadan , they have nothing to eat during daylight hours. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| (Religious based diet) consider all life to be sacred, withthe souls of ancestors inhaditing animals. most are vegetarians. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| a type of diet that includes foods only derived from plants, No meats, dairy products or eggs. Client on this diet may require vitamin B12 and vitamin D supplements. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This type of diet eats only foods from plants along with dairy products but no eggs. this client may need a vitamin B12 and iron supplament |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| this type of diet includes dairy products, eggs and foods from plants. this diet can easily provide all the nutrients needed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This diet includes eggs and plant foods but no milk products. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this results from an overall lack of quality and quantity of food. |
|
Definition
| Protein-calorie malnutrition(PCM) or protein-energy malnutrtion(PEM) |
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|
Term
| Clinical signs of a protine deficiency include what? |
|
Definition
| Fatigue, apathy, edema, decresed serium protine levels, mild to moderate weight loss and muscle weakness. |
|
|
Term
| this develops from having a gradual but prolonged period if insufficient food. tissue wasting and being severly underweight,sometimes diarrhea. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| An inflamation of the esophagus can result from burns, poisons, infection or chronic vomiting is called what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| This is the inflamation of the gallbladder usualy caused by gallstones. and causes pain after ingestion of a meal high in fat because the gallbladder spasms as it attempts to releas bile. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This is an inflamation of the mucosal layer of the stomach and can proceed to ulceration if untreated. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the fuel vallue of protine? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| why would you want to take an iron suppament with orange juice |
|
Definition
| The vitamin C in the orange juice helps the absorption of the iron |
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|
Term
| This greatly affects absorption of nutreants and water from the intestine and leads to intestinal inflamation and severe diarrhea. |
|
Definition
| Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohns disease or ulcerative colitis) |
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Term
| This is the treatment of a disease or disorder with a special diet |
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Definition
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|
Term
| (Diet therapy) This type of diet is usualy ordered befre surgery and certin diognostic rocedures. and to rest the gastrointestinal tract. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| (Diet therapy) This type of diet provides easly chewed and easily swallowed foods. avoid nuts, whole grains, seeds, raw fruits and veg and fried foods. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| (Diet therapy) this type of diet is usualy orderd in prep for a diognostic procedure or as the first meal or after surgery. consists mostly of water and carbs. provides aprox 500kcal/day. Liquids included are, jell-o, popsicles, water, clear fat free broth, tea, coffee, and strained fruit juices and carbonated drinks like lemmon lime soda. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| (diet therapy) This diet provides approx 800-1000kcal/day. includes all foods liquid at room tempature. in addition to the liquids on a clear liquid diet, it includes milk, milk drinks, cream soups, strained cooked ceriels, ice cream, pudding, custard and all fruit and veg juices. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| (Diet therapy) This diet is for patients who have no teeth or trouble chewing and requires food to be either ground or chopped into very small peaces and cooked very soft. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| (diet threapy) This diet is for patients who have difficulty swallowing. the food is blended to a smooth consistancy |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| (Diet therapy) this diet contains 5-10g of fiber. it reduces the normal work of the intestine by reduciung the ammount of fiber. this diet is good for patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. avoid raw fruits(except bananas) vegs, seeds, plant fiber and whole grains |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| (Diet therapy) this diet contains 5-10g of fiber. it reduces the normal work of the intestine by reduciung the ammount of fiber. this diet is good for patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. avoid raw fruits(except bananas) vegs, seeds, plant fiber and whole grains |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| (Diet therapy) This diet is indacated for patients with diverticulosis because it increases the forward motion of the indigestable wastes through the colon. also is usfull in prevention of constipation, hemroids and colon cancer. foods include. fruits and veg, legumes, breads. the patient should be incuraged to drink eight 8oz glasses of water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Diet Therpy) this diet eliminates chemical and mechanical food irritants such as fried foods, alcohol and caffeine. may be used in patients with gastritis and ulcers because it reduces gastrointestinal irritation |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| (Diet therapy) This diet reduces the total fat ingested by replacing saturated mats with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. and restricting cholesterol. this diet may be used in patients with atherosclerosis, heart disease and obesity. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| (ch2) Where are the kidneys located |
|
Definition
| Posterior abdominal wall between the twelfth thorasic and third lumbar vertebra. |
|
|
Term
| (ch2) What is the functional units of the kidneys that produce urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (ch2) Tthese are narrow smooth muscle tubes serving as a passageway for urine to to flow from the kidneys to the blader. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (ch2) This is a hollow, smoth muscle behind the symphysis pubis where urine is stored. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (ch2) This is a exit passageway for urine from the bladder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (ch2) Theses regulate the volume and componsation of the body's extracellular fluid (ECF) by selectively retaining wanted water and other substances and excreating unwanted water and other substances. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (ch2)what are the three process of urine formation |
|
Definition
| filtration, Reabsorption and Secretion |
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|
Term
| (ch2) This is the production of large amounts of urine in relation to fluid intake and may accompany frequency. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (ch2) This occurs when there is destention of the kidney pelvis with urine secondary to the increased resistance cused by obstruction to normal urine flow. Unrelieved can cause renal atrophy and necrosis, leading to permanent kidney damage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (ch2) In general a cathetrized patient should drain a minimum of what |
|
Definition
| 30ml of urine per hour (less then 30ml/hr could indicate poor blood flow to the kidneys) |
|
|
Term
| (ch2) This can occur secondary to urinary obstruction due to the stagnant urin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (ch2) This is a feeling of being unable to delay voluntarily the urge to void because of a strong micturation reflex due to inflamation of the bladder or urethra. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (ch2) this is the accumulation of the products of an inflamatory response. (urine contains pus) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ch2) Uine containg blood. can be gross (visible on examination) or occult (not visible apon examination) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ch2) Urination becomes painful, usualy felt as a burning sensation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ch2) This is the inability of the bladder to empty of urine because the patient is either unable to percieve the feeling of bladder fullness or is unable to relax the bladder neck |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ch2) In extreme cases the bladder will have about how much urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ch2) What are the 5 types of incontinence |
|
Definition
-Stress incontinence ( The sudden loss of small amounts due to abdominal pressure like sneezing, coughing, laughing lifting and jumping.
-Urge incontinence ( not being able to control the strong feeling of needing to urinate.
-Reflex incontinence ( loss of urine at somewhat predictable intervals whe the bladder reaches a pecific volume.
-Functional incontinence ( the unwillingness of a person with normal bladder control to reach the bathroom
- total incontinence( the unpredictable loss of urine from a undestended bladder |
|
|
Term
| ch2) Then involentary loss of urine beyond the age when bladder control is usualy achieved is called what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ch2) This is excessive voiding at night, but the indavidual is aware of the need to void and gets up to do so |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ch2) This is the infrwuent, sometimes painful passage of hard, dry stool |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ch2) This is when there is an accumulation of hardened stool in the rectum. the stool os lodged or stuck |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ch2) This is the frequent evacuation of watery stools |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ch2) This is the accumulationm of gas in the gastrointestinal tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ch2) These help promote emptying of the bowel and have short term effects. |
|
Definition
| Cathartics and laxatives. |
|
|
Term
| ch2)(lax) These work to decrease the surface tension of the stool, allowing water t oenter the stool more readily. short term treatment when the risk for constipation is high. |
|
Definition
| Stool softners or emollients(colace, DOSS) |
|
|
Term
| ch2) (lax) these work as nonabsorbable fibers to attract water into the large intestine. patient must take in alot of fluid. slow ating and safe for long term use. these are preferred for the preservation of normal bowel function |
|
Definition
| Bulk laxative (fibercon, metamucil) |
|
|
Term
| ch2)(lax) These work by direct stimulant of intestanal mucosa. they irritate the mucosa or stimulate nerve endings. causing rapid propulsion of stool. they act more quickly then bulk laxatives. chronic use of these should be avoided due to possible electrolyte imbalance. |
|
Definition
| Stimulant laxatives (castor oil, dulcolax, ex-lax, senkot or senna) |
|
|
Term
| ch2)(lax) These act generaly withen 30min. they act by softening the stool, distending the rectum or stimulating the rectal mucosa. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ch2) These influince water and electrolyte balance, they have alot of actions. These can influince other things like blood pressure. so must moniter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ch2) these remove feces and flatus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ch2) explaine how to adminster an enema. |
|
Definition
| ask or assest the patient to assume a left lateral position, if possible, to allow gravity to facilitate the flow of fluid along the curve of the sigmoid colon. |
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