Term
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Definition
a mixture of surface active phospholipids (lecithin and sphingomyelin)
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Term
| what is surfactant good for? |
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Definition
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Term
| surfactant peaks when in a fetus? |
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Definition
| 35 weeks gestation, lungs are structurally developed. |
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Term
| decrease incidence of what respiratory problem would be because the baby was over 35 weeks gestation? |
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Definition
| respiratory distress syndrome |
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Term
| production of lung fluid diminishes when before labor? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does the 80-100 ml of fluid in the lungs of a full term baby get evacuated when delivered? |
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Definition
| the babys' chest is compressed and squeezes the fluid out. |
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Term
| what is the first breath triggered by? |
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Definition
| an increase in PCO2 and decrease in pH and PO2. |
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Term
| significant decrease in environmental temperature after birth causes what? |
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Definition
stimulates skin nerve endings
newborn responds with rhythmic respiration |
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Term
| excessive cooling may lead to? |
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Definition
| profound depression of cold stress (?) |
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Term
| changes from intrauterine life to newborn experiences? |
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Definition
| from dark, sound dampened, fluid filled environment, weightless, to light, sounds, effects of gravity, abundance of tactile, auditory, and visual stimuli of birth. |
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Term
| 3 factors opposing the first breath? |
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Definition
-alveolar surface tension, contractiing force between alveoli.
-viscosity of lung fluid within the respiratory tract.
-lung compliance, how easily the lung is able to fill with air. |
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Term
| what stimulates the relaxation of the pulmonary arteries in an newborn? |
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Definition
increase oxygen content in the lungs
this leads to decreased vascular resistance that allows complete vascular flow to the lungs. |
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Term
| 5 changes in cardiopulmonary adaptation? |
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Definition
increased aortic pressure and decreased venous pressure
incr. syst. press and decr. pulm. art. press.
incr. Lt atrium and decr. Rt atrium pressure, closure of the foramen ovale
closure of the ductus venosus
reversal of blood flow throgh ductus arteriosus and incr. PO2, closure of ductus arteriosus |
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Term
| what is it that makes systemic blood flow incr., the foramen ovale close, and the PDA or patent ductus arteriosus close in a newborn? |
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Definition
incr. oxygenated pulmonary blood flow and loss of the placenta.
leads to decrease in pulmonary vascular resustance, allows complete vascular flow to lungs. |
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Term
| blood volume of term infant is what? |
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Definition
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Term
| peripheral blood flow can be ______ and create/increase _____ ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| H & H levels are higher where? |
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Definition
| higher in capillary blood than in venous blood |
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Term
| blood taken from where are more accurate than where? |
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Definition
| taken from venous samples are more accurate than capillary. |
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Term
| blood volume increases by how much with delayed cord clamping? |
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Definition
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Term
| blood can transfer to the newborn how? |
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Definition
| holding the newborn below the levels of the placenta and delay cord clamping. |
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Term
| Prenatal and perinatal hemorrhage decreases hematocrit levels and can cause what? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Hemoglobin 14-20 g/dL
Hematocrit 43%-63% |
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Term
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Definition
10,000-30,000/mm cubed
or 10.0-30.0 |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| 82.3 mL/kg (third day after early cord clamping), 92.6 mL/kg (third day after delayed cord clamping) |
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Term
| if newborn shivers its metabolic rate does what? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the primary source of heat in a hypothermic newborn?
when does it appear?
it increases until when? |
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Definition
BAT, brown adipose tissue
appears in fetus at 26-30 weeks
increases until 2-5 weeks after birth |
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Term
|
Definition
Evaporation (wet with amniotic fluid)
Convection (removed from incubator)
Radiatiion (placing cold objects near incubator)
Conduction (cold stethoscopes) |
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Term
| Nonshivering thermogenesis occurs when? |
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Definition
| when skin receptors perceive a drop in environmental temperature. |
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Term
| byproduct of destruction of RBC's? |
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Definition
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Term
| how often doe physiologic jaundice occur? |
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Definition
| 50% of term babies, 80% preterm babies |
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Term
| forceps or vacuum extraction can be a problem for the liver how? |
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Definition
it can create more bilirubin to be handled by the liver.
also, increased blood volume from delayed cord clamping with faster RBC destruction leads to increased bilirubin in blood. |
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Term
| reasons for increased bilirubin reabsorption? |
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Definition
| reduced bowel motility, intestinal obstruction, or delayed passage of meconium. |
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Term
| Jaundice is caused by what? |
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Definition
| accelerated destruction of fetal RBC's, impaired conjugation of bilirumbin and increased reabsorption of bilirubin from the intestinal tract. |
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Term
| a newborn has enough intestinal and pancreatic enzymes to digest simple carbs, proteins, and fats, but not ____? |
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Definition
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Term
| the newborn has experienced swallowing, gastric emptying, and propulsion by when? |
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Definition
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Term
| carbohydrate metabolism and coagulation play crucial roles in what? |
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Definition
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Term
| three reasons why newborn kidneys have difficulty in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance? |
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Definition
decrease rate of glomerular flow and limited secretion of solutes
limited tubular reabsorption
limited ability to concentrate urine
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Term
| passive aquired immunity occurs during what trimester? |
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Definition
3rd
preterm infant may be more susceptible to infeciton |
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Term
| newborns start to produce secretory IgA when and where? |
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Definition
| at 4 weeks in the intestinal mucosa |
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Term
| breastfed newborn may have what type of immunity from mother? |
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Definition
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Term
| First period of reactivity? |
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Definition
lasts about 30 min.
newborn is awake and active
appears hungry and has a strong reflex
natural opportunity to start breastfeeding
vital signs are elevated |
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Term
| incactivity and sleep phase? |
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Definition
after 30 min newborns activity gradually decreases
heart rate and respirations decrease as newborn enters slepp phase
will be difficult to awaken and will show no interest in sucking |
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Term
| second period of reactivity? |
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Definition
period lasts 4-6 hours in normal newborn
heart and respiratory rates increase, nurse needs to be alert for apneic periods:
newborn passes meconium
newborn sucks, roots, and swallows |
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Term
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Definition
deep or quiet sleep and active rapid eye movements (REM)
length of cycle depends on age of newborn
growth hormone secretion depends on regular sleep patterns |
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Term
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Definition
first 30-60 min after birth, many newborns display quiet alert state
nurses should use alert states to encourage bonding and breastfeeding
increasing wakefulness indicates maturing ability to maintain consciousness
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Term
| subcategories of newborn alert states? |
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Definition
drowsy or semidozing
wide awake, active awake, and crying |
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Term
| visual ability of newborn? |
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Definition
able to be alert, follow, and fixate on complex visual stimuli for short periods of tiime.
prefers the human face, eyes, and bright shiny objects |
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Term
| auditory ability of newborn? |
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Definition
able to be alert and search for appealing auditory stimulus
can process and respond to visual and auditory stimulation
habituation |
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