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Nursing 210: Test 3 Key Terms
Key Terms
93
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
11/30/2009

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Term
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Definition
progressive, irreversible loss of kidney function; the presence of kidney damage or decreased glomerular filtration rates for at least 3 months with functional and structural abnormalities, with or without decreased glomerular filtration rate
Term
Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)
Definition
gradual loss of kidney function, with progressively more severe renal insufficiency until the stage called chronic irreversible kidney failure or end stage renal disease; symptoms may include polyuria anorexia or nausea, dehydration or neurologic symptoms
Term
Colloidal osmotic pressure
Definition
also called osmotic pressure, is osmotic pressure exerted by colloids in solution – the major colloid in the vascular system is protein –normal osmotic pressure is 25mm Hg
Term
Three-way foley
Definition
used primarily after bladder, prostate cancer or prostate surgery. They have a third arm or bell that allows an irrigant to pass to the tip of the catheter through a small separate channel into the bladder. This serves to wash away blood and small clots through the primary arm that drains into a collection device. This prevents larger clots, which might plug the catheter, from forming. The second, or inflation, arm has a small plastic valve that allows for the introduction or removal of sterile water through a very small channel to inflate or deflate the retaining balloon.
Term
Trabeculae
Definition
small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, generally having a mechanical function, and usually but not necessarily composed of dense collagenous tissue (trabeculae of the penis
Term
TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate)
Definition
 Low risk surgical procedure involving removal of the prostate tissue using a rectoscope inserted through the urethra to excise and cauterize the prostate; no surgical incision is made. “Gold standard” surgical treatment for obstructing BPH,
Term
Urgency
Definition
the feeling of the need to void immediately
Term
Ventral
Definition
toward the anterior surface of the body; frontward
Term
VLAP
Definition
visual laser ablation of the prostate - Laser beam is delivered transurethrally through a fiber instrument and is used for laser coagulation of the prostatic tissue. VLAP is an effective alternative treatment to TURP b/c it is less invasive with a quicker recovery
Term
Acidosis
Definition
an abnormal increase in hydrogen ion concentration in the body; blood pH is below normal range of 7.35-7.45. Renal tubular acidosis results from failure of the kidneys to secrete hydrogen ions or reabsorb bicarbonate ions
Term
Acute renal failure (ARF)
Definition
clinical syndrome characterized by a rapid decline in renal function with progressive azotemia and increasing levels of serum creatinine
Term
Aldosterone
Definition
mineralocorticoid steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex with action in the renal tubule to retain sodium, conserve water by reabsorption, and increase potassium excretion
Term
Alkalosis
Definition
blood pH is above normal range of 7.35-7.45 because of an excess of alkaline bicarbonate or a deficiency of acid in the blood
Term
Angiotension
Definition
a polypeptide in the blood that causes vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure and the release of aldosterone
Term
Arteriovenous fistula
Definition
an abnormal communication between a vein and an artery. It is created surgically to provide vascular access for hemodialysis
Term
Automated peritoneal dialysis
Definition
dialysis using the peritoneal membrane as the semi-permeable membrane.This can occur automatically while the patient is sleeping (automated peritoneal dialysis, APD)
Term
Azotemia
Definition
an accumulation of nitrogenous waste products such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine
Term
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
Definition
exchanges 1.5L to 3L of peritoneal dialysate at least 4 times a day, with dwell times of 4 to 10 hours. CAPD allows the bag and line to be disconnected after the instillation of the fluid, decreasing the risk of peritonitis. After equilibration period, the line is reconnected to the catheter the dialysate is drained from the peritoneal cavity, and a new 2L bag of dialysis solution is infused.
Term
Continuous hemofiltration
Definition
Continuous hemofiltration and hemodialysis procedures filter and dialyze blood without interruption; the principal advantage is the ability to remove large volumes of fluid while avoiding the hypotensive episodes caused by intermittent hemodialysis and its intermittent removal of large volumes of fluid. These procedures are therefore indicated for managing patients with acute renal failure who are hemodynamically unstable, who must receive large volumes of fluid (eg, patients with multiple organ system failure or shock who require hyperalimentation or vasopressor drips), or both.
Term
Creatinine
Definition
chemical waste molecule that is generated from muscle metabolism. Creatinine is produced from creatine, a molecule of major importance for energy production in muscles. Creatinine is transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys. The kidneys filter out most of the creatinine and dispose of it in the urine. As the kidneys become impaired for any reason, the creatinine level in the blood will rise due to poor clearance by the kidneys. Abnormally high levels of creatinine thus warn of possible malfunction or failure of the kidneys. It is for this reason that standard blood tests routinely check the amount of creatinine in the blood.
Term
Cycler
Definition
automated device used to deliver the dialysate for Automated Peritoneal Dialysis (APD). It times and controls the fill, dwell, and drain phases.
Term
Decreased Renal Reserve
Definition
indicates a fall in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Term
Denial
Definition
Refusal or restriction of something requested, claimed, or needed, often causing physical or emotional deficiency
Term
Dialysate
Definition
the material that passes through the membrane in dialysis
Term
Diffusion
Definition
he process in which particles in a fluid moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, resulting in an even distribution of the particles in the fluid. Little or no energy is required.
Term
End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)
Definition
End-stage renal disease is the name for kidney failure so advanced that it cannot be reversed. The name is appropriate: the kidneys in end-stage renal disease function so poorly that they can no longer keep you alive. End-stage renal disease cannot be treated with conventional medical treatments such as drugs. Only 2 treatments allow you to continue living when your kidneys stop functioning: dialysis and kidney transplantation.
Term
Erythropoietin
Definition
glycoprotein hormone synthesized mainly in the kidneys and released into the bloodstream in response to anoxia. The hormone acts to stimulate and to regulate the production of erythrocytes and thus increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
Term
Glomerulonephritis
Definition
an inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidney, characterized by proteinuria, hematuria, decreased urine production, and edema.
Term
Glomerulus
Definition
a structure compose of blood vessels or nerve fibers, such as a renal glomerulus.
Term
Hemodialysis
Definition
a procedure which impurities or wastes are removed from the blood. It is used in treating patients with renal failure and various toxic conditions. The patient’s blood is shunted from the body through a machine for diffusion and ultra filtration and then returned to the patient’s circulation. It requires access to the patient’s bloodstream, a mechanism for the transport of the blood to and from the dialyzer.
Term
Hydrostatic pressure
Definition
the pressure exerted by a liquid
Term
idiopathic
Definition
disease arising from an unknown cause
Term
immunosuppression
Definition
a condition that causes the body's immune system to decrease in effectiveness. Immunosuppression can be caused by disease or certain drugs
Term
insidious
Definition
disease which comes on in such a manner, with a lack of symptoms, that the patient is unaware of the onset of the disease
Term
intra-renal
Definition
occuring within the kidneys
Term
Medicaid
Definition
United States health program for eligible individuals and families with low incomes and resources
Term
Medicare
Definition
a federally administered system of health insurance available to persons aged 65 and over
Term
metabolic toxins
Definition
toxins that come from cells are they go through metabolisis
Term
nephrectomy
Definition
surgical removal of a kidney
Term
nephron
Definition
the working units of the kidney that remove waste and extra fluids from the blood
Term
nephrosis
Definition
a syndrome characterized by edema and large amounts of protein in the urine and usually increased blood cholesterol
Term
osmosis
Definition
diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration
Term
parenchyma
Definition
term used to describe the bulk of a substance
Term
pericarditis
Definition
inflammation of the pericardium
Term
peritoneal dialysis
Definition
form of dialysis in which the blood is cleaned inside the patient's body, using the peritoneum as the filter
Term
post-renal
Definition
behind the kidney or occurring after leaving the kidney
Term
Apoptosis
Definition
the process of programmed cell death (PCD) that may occur in multicellular organisms; involves a series of biochemical events leading to a characteristic cell morphology and death; Excessive apoptosis causes hypotrophy, such as in ischemic damage, whereas an insufficient amount results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, such as cancer
Term
Benign
Definition
is a medical term in medical discourse to describe a mild and nonprogressive sickness. The term is most familiar as a description of a non-cancerous (non-malignant) neoplasm
Term
Biological response modifiers (BRM)
Definition
substances that the human body produces naturally, as well as something that scientists can create in a lab. These substances arouse the body's response to an infection. Some of these are used to treat arthritis, cancer, and some other diseases. Some of the effects of BRMs include nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, fever and chills, muscle aches, weakness, skin rash, an increased tendency to bleed, or swelling
Term
Bone marrow suppression
Definition
a serious side-effect of chemotherapy and certain drugs affecting the immune system such as azathioprine. The risk is especially high in chemotherapy for leukemia. Bone marrow suppression due to anti-cancer chemotherapy is much harder to treat and often involves hospital admission, strict infection control, and aggressive use of intravenous antibiotics at the first sign of infection.
Term
Bone marrow transplant
Definition
is the transplantation of blood stem cells derived from the bone marrow or blood. Stem cell transplantation is a medical procedure in the fields of hematology and oncology, most often performed for people with diseases of the blood, bone marrow, or certain types of cancer
Term
Bradytherapy
Definition
form of radiotherapy where a radiation source is placed inside or next to the area requiring treatment; commonly used as an effective treatment for cervical, prostate, breast, and skin cancer; can be used alone or in combination with other therapies such as surgery, External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT) and chemotherapy; involves the precise placement of radiation sources directly at the site of the cancerous tumor.
Term
Cachexia
Definition
loss of weight, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness and significant loss of appetite in someone who is not actively trying to lose weight; seen in patients with cancer
Term
Pre-renal
Definition
pertaining to events occurring before reaching the kidney
Term
Renal insufficiency
Definition
partial kidney function failure characterized by less than normal urine excretion
Term
Renin
Definition
a renal proteolytic enzyme, produced by and stored in the juxtaglomerular apparatus that surrounds each arteriole as it enters a glomerulus; the enzyme affects the BP by catalyzing the change of angiotensin into angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II, strong pressor. Normal findings of adult plasma rennin, measured in an upright position and Na depleted are 2.9-10.8 ng/mL/hr
Term
Semipermeable membrane
Definition
a membrane that prevents the passage of some substances but allows the passage of others based on differences in the size, charge or lipid-solubility of the substance
Term
Specific gravity
Definition
the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of another substance accepted as a standard. The usual standard for liquids &* s9oolids is water. Thus a liquid or a solid with a specific gravity of 4 is 4x as dense as water at the same temperature
Term
Tubules
Definition
a small tube, such as one of the collecting tubules in the kidneys
Term
Urea
Definition
normal metabolic waste product from protein metabolism, it is used as a systemic osmotic diuretic and topical emollient
Term
Uremia
Definition
the presence of excessive amounts of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood; renal function declines to the point that symptoms develop in multiple body systems
Term
cancer
Definition
group of more than 200 diseases characterized by uncontrolled & unregulated growth of cells
Term
carcinogen
Definition
a substance or agent that causes the development or increases the incidence of cancer
Term
carcinogenesis
Definition
process of initiating & promoting cancer
Term
carcinoma
Definition
malignant epithelial neoplasm that tends to invade surrounding tissue & to metastasize to distant regions of the body
Term
cell cycle:
Definition
the sequence of events within the cell between mitotic cell divisions
Term
contact inhibition
Definition
normal cells respect the boundaries & territory of the cells surrounding them
Term
cytocidal
Definition
any substance that is destructive to cells
Term
cytostatic
Definition
inhibiting cellular growth & multiplication
Term
differentiation
Definition
acquisition of functions & forms different from those of the original
Term
dysplasia
Definition
any abnormal development of tissues or organs
Term
extravasation
Definition
passage or escape into tissue of antineoplastic chemotherapeutic drugs
Term
gene expression
Definition
the flow of genetic information from gene to protein
Term
gene therapy
Definition
the treatment of disease by replacing, altering or supplementing a gene that is absent or abnormal and whose absence or abnormality is responsible for a disease
Term
hyperthermia
Definition
an individual’s body temp. is elevated above his or her normal range
Term
hyperplasia
Definition
of cellular division
Term
latency
Definition
a long delay
Term
Malignant
Definition
Tending to become worse and to cause death
Term
Metastasis
Definition
the spread of the cancer from the initial or primary site to a distant site
Term
Mitosis
Definition
type of cell division that occurs in somatic cells and results in the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells containing the diploid number of chromosomes characteristic of the species. It consists of the division of the nucleus followed by the division of the cytoplasm. The former has four stages (prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase) during which the two chromatids of each chromosome separate and migrate to opposite ends of the cell. Mitisois is the process by which the body produces new cells for both growth and repair of injured tissue.
Term
Myelosuppression
Definition
same as bone marrow suppression- suppression of bone marrow activity, resulting in reduction in the number of platelets, red cells and white cells such as in aplastic anemia.
Term
Nadir
Definition
the lowest point, such as the blood count after it has been depressed by chemotherapy
Term
Neoplasm
Definition
any abnormal growth of new tissue, benign or malignant. Also called tumor
Term
Oncogene
Definition
potentially cancer producing genes
Term
Oncology
Definition
branch of medicine concerned with the study of malignancy. The study of cancerous growths
Term
Pancytopenia
Definition
marked decrease in the number of RBC, WBC and platelets
Term
Proto-oncogene-
Definition
A normal gene which, when altered by mutation , becomes an oncogene that can contribute to cancer. Proto-oncogenes may have many different functions in the cell. Some proto-oncogenes provide signals that lead to cell division. Other proto-oncogenes regulate programmed cell death (apoptosis). The defective versions of proto-oncogenes, known as oncogenes, can cause a cell to divide in an unregulated manner. This growth can occur in the absence of normal growth signals such as those provided by growth factors. A key feature of oncogene activity is that a single altered copy leads to unregulated growth.
Term
Radiation
Definition
the emission of energy, rays, or waves. The use of a radioactive substance in the diagnosis or treatment of disease.
Term
Radioactive decay
Definition
the disintegration of the nucleus of an unstable nuclide by the spontaneous emission of charged particles, photons or both.
Term
Radioisotope
Definition
a radioactive form of an element which may be used for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes
Term
Teletherapy
Definition
radiation therapy administered by a machine that is positioned some distance from the patient; the most common form of radiation therapy treatment
Term
Tumor marker
Definition
a substance in the body that may be associated with the presence of a cancer.
Term
Vesicant
Definition
agents that when accidently infiltrated into the skin cause severe local breakdown and necrosis
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