Term
| Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) |
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Definition
| progressive, irreversible loss of kidney function; the presence of kidney damage or decreased glomerular filtration rates for at least 3 months with functional and structural abnormalities, with or without decreased glomerular filtration rate |
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Term
| Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) |
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Definition
| gradual loss of kidney function, with progressively more severe renal insufficiency until the stage called chronic irreversible kidney failure or end stage renal disease; symptoms may include polyuria anorexia or nausea, dehydration or neurologic symptoms |
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Term
| Colloidal osmotic pressure |
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Definition
| also called osmotic pressure, is osmotic pressure exerted by colloids in solution – the major colloid in the vascular system is protein –normal osmotic pressure is 25mm Hg |
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Term
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Definition
| used primarily after bladder, prostate cancer or prostate surgery. They have a third arm or bell that allows an irrigant to pass to the tip of the catheter through a small separate channel into the bladder. This serves to wash away blood and small clots through the primary arm that drains into a collection device. This prevents larger clots, which might plug the catheter, from forming. The second, or inflation, arm has a small plastic valve that allows for the introduction or removal of sterile water through a very small channel to inflate or deflate the retaining balloon. |
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Term
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Definition
| small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, generally having a mechanical function, and usually but not necessarily composed of dense collagenous tissue (trabeculae of the penis |
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Term
| TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate) |
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Definition
| Low risk surgical procedure involving removal of the prostate tissue using a rectoscope inserted through the urethra to excise and cauterize the prostate; no surgical incision is made. “Gold standard” surgical treatment for obstructing BPH, |
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Term
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Definition
| the feeling of the need to void immediately |
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Term
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Definition
| toward the anterior surface of the body; frontward |
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Term
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Definition
| visual laser ablation of the prostate - Laser beam is delivered transurethrally through a fiber instrument and is used for laser coagulation of the prostatic tissue. VLAP is an effective alternative treatment to TURP b/c it is less invasive with a quicker recovery |
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Term
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Definition
| an abnormal increase in hydrogen ion concentration in the body; blood pH is below normal range of 7.35-7.45. Renal tubular acidosis results from failure of the kidneys to secrete hydrogen ions or reabsorb bicarbonate ions |
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Term
| Acute renal failure (ARF) |
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Definition
| clinical syndrome characterized by a rapid decline in renal function with progressive azotemia and increasing levels of serum creatinine |
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Term
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Definition
| mineralocorticoid steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex with action in the renal tubule to retain sodium, conserve water by reabsorption, and increase potassium excretion |
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Term
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Definition
| blood pH is above normal range of 7.35-7.45 because of an excess of alkaline bicarbonate or a deficiency of acid in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| a polypeptide in the blood that causes vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure and the release of aldosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| an abnormal communication between a vein and an artery. It is created surgically to provide vascular access for hemodialysis |
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Term
| Automated peritoneal dialysis |
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Definition
| dialysis using the peritoneal membrane as the semi-permeable membrane.This can occur automatically while the patient is sleeping (automated peritoneal dialysis, APD) |
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Term
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Definition
| an accumulation of nitrogenous waste products such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine |
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Term
| Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) |
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Definition
| exchanges 1.5L to 3L of peritoneal dialysate at least 4 times a day, with dwell times of 4 to 10 hours. CAPD allows the bag and line to be disconnected after the instillation of the fluid, decreasing the risk of peritonitis. After equilibration period, the line is reconnected to the catheter the dialysate is drained from the peritoneal cavity, and a new 2L bag of dialysis solution is infused. |
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Term
| Continuous hemofiltration |
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Definition
| Continuous hemofiltration and hemodialysis procedures filter and dialyze blood without interruption; the principal advantage is the ability to remove large volumes of fluid while avoiding the hypotensive episodes caused by intermittent hemodialysis and its intermittent removal of large volumes of fluid. These procedures are therefore indicated for managing patients with acute renal failure who are hemodynamically unstable, who must receive large volumes of fluid (eg, patients with multiple organ system failure or shock who require hyperalimentation or vasopressor drips), or both. |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical waste molecule that is generated from muscle metabolism. Creatinine is produced from creatine, a molecule of major importance for energy production in muscles. Creatinine is transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys. The kidneys filter out most of the creatinine and dispose of it in the urine. As the kidneys become impaired for any reason, the creatinine level in the blood will rise due to poor clearance by the kidneys. Abnormally high levels of creatinine thus warn of possible malfunction or failure of the kidneys. It is for this reason that standard blood tests routinely check the amount of creatinine in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| automated device used to deliver the dialysate for Automated Peritoneal Dialysis (APD). It times and controls the fill, dwell, and drain phases. |
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Term
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Definition
| indicates a fall in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) |
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Term
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Definition
| Refusal or restriction of something requested, claimed, or needed, often causing physical or emotional deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| the material that passes through the membrane in dialysis |
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Term
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Definition
| he process in which particles in a fluid moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, resulting in an even distribution of the particles in the fluid. Little or no energy is required. |
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Term
| End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) |
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Definition
| End-stage renal disease is the name for kidney failure so advanced that it cannot be reversed. The name is appropriate: the kidneys in end-stage renal disease function so poorly that they can no longer keep you alive. End-stage renal disease cannot be treated with conventional medical treatments such as drugs. Only 2 treatments allow you to continue living when your kidneys stop functioning: dialysis and kidney transplantation. |
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Term
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Definition
| glycoprotein hormone synthesized mainly in the kidneys and released into the bloodstream in response to anoxia. The hormone acts to stimulate and to regulate the production of erythrocytes and thus increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| an inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidney, characterized by proteinuria, hematuria, decreased urine production, and edema. |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure compose of blood vessels or nerve fibers, such as a renal glomerulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| a procedure which impurities or wastes are removed from the blood. It is used in treating patients with renal failure and various toxic conditions. The patient’s blood is shunted from the body through a machine for diffusion and ultra filtration and then returned to the patient’s circulation. It requires access to the patient’s bloodstream, a mechanism for the transport of the blood to and from the dialyzer. |
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Term
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Definition
| the pressure exerted by a liquid |
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Term
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Definition
| disease arising from an unknown cause |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition that causes the body's immune system to decrease in effectiveness. Immunosuppression can be caused by disease or certain drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| disease which comes on in such a manner, with a lack of symptoms, that the patient is unaware of the onset of the disease |
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Term
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Definition
| occuring within the kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| United States health program for eligible individuals and families with low incomes and resources |
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Term
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Definition
| a federally administered system of health insurance available to persons aged 65 and over |
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Term
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Definition
| toxins that come from cells are they go through metabolisis |
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Term
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Definition
| surgical removal of a kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| the working units of the kidney that remove waste and extra fluids from the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| a syndrome characterized by edema and large amounts of protein in the urine and usually increased blood cholesterol |
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Term
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Definition
| diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to describe the bulk of a substance |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the pericardium |
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Term
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Definition
| form of dialysis in which the blood is cleaned inside the patient's body, using the peritoneum as the filter |
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Term
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Definition
| behind the kidney or occurring after leaving the kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of programmed cell death (PCD) that may occur in multicellular organisms; involves a series of biochemical events leading to a characteristic cell morphology and death; Excessive apoptosis causes hypotrophy, such as in ischemic damage, whereas an insufficient amount results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, such as cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| is a medical term in medical discourse to describe a mild and nonprogressive sickness. The term is most familiar as a description of a non-cancerous (non-malignant) neoplasm |
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Term
| Biological response modifiers (BRM) |
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Definition
| substances that the human body produces naturally, as well as something that scientists can create in a lab. These substances arouse the body's response to an infection. Some of these are used to treat arthritis, cancer, and some other diseases. Some of the effects of BRMs include nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, fever and chills, muscle aches, weakness, skin rash, an increased tendency to bleed, or swelling |
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Term
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Definition
| a serious side-effect of chemotherapy and certain drugs affecting the immune system such as azathioprine. The risk is especially high in chemotherapy for leukemia. Bone marrow suppression due to anti-cancer chemotherapy is much harder to treat and often involves hospital admission, strict infection control, and aggressive use of intravenous antibiotics at the first sign of infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the transplantation of blood stem cells derived from the bone marrow or blood. Stem cell transplantation is a medical procedure in the fields of hematology and oncology, most often performed for people with diseases of the blood, bone marrow, or certain types of cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| form of radiotherapy where a radiation source is placed inside or next to the area requiring treatment; commonly used as an effective treatment for cervical, prostate, breast, and skin cancer; can be used alone or in combination with other therapies such as surgery, External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT) and chemotherapy; involves the precise placement of radiation sources directly at the site of the cancerous tumor. |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of weight, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness and significant loss of appetite in someone who is not actively trying to lose weight; seen in patients with cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| pertaining to events occurring before reaching the kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| partial kidney function failure characterized by less than normal urine excretion |
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Term
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Definition
| a renal proteolytic enzyme, produced by and stored in the juxtaglomerular apparatus that surrounds each arteriole as it enters a glomerulus; the enzyme affects the BP by catalyzing the change of angiotensin into angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II, strong pressor. Normal findings of adult plasma rennin, measured in an upright position and Na depleted are 2.9-10.8 ng/mL/hr |
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Term
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Definition
| a membrane that prevents the passage of some substances but allows the passage of others based on differences in the size, charge or lipid-solubility of the substance |
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Term
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Definition
| the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of another substance accepted as a standard. The usual standard for liquids &* s9oolids is water. Thus a liquid or a solid with a specific gravity of 4 is 4x as dense as water at the same temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| a small tube, such as one of the collecting tubules in the kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| normal metabolic waste product from protein metabolism, it is used as a systemic osmotic diuretic and topical emollient |
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Term
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Definition
| the presence of excessive amounts of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood; renal function declines to the point that symptoms develop in multiple body systems |
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Term
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Definition
| group of more than 200 diseases characterized by uncontrolled & unregulated growth of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance or agent that causes the development or increases the incidence of cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| process of initiating & promoting cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| malignant epithelial neoplasm that tends to invade surrounding tissue & to metastasize to distant regions of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| the sequence of events within the cell between mitotic cell divisions |
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Term
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Definition
| normal cells respect the boundaries & territory of the cells surrounding them |
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Term
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Definition
| any substance that is destructive to cells |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibiting cellular growth & multiplication |
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Term
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Definition
| acquisition of functions & forms different from those of the original |
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Term
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Definition
| any abnormal development of tissues or organs |
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Term
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Definition
| passage or escape into tissue of antineoplastic chemotherapeutic drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| the flow of genetic information from gene to protein |
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Term
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Definition
| the treatment of disease by replacing, altering or supplementing a gene that is absent or abnormal and whose absence or abnormality is responsible for a disease |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual’s body temp. is elevated above his or her normal range |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Tending to become worse and to cause death |
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Term
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Definition
| the spread of the cancer from the initial or primary site to a distant site |
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Term
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Definition
| type of cell division that occurs in somatic cells and results in the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells containing the diploid number of chromosomes characteristic of the species. It consists of the division of the nucleus followed by the division of the cytoplasm. The former has four stages (prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase) during which the two chromatids of each chromosome separate and migrate to opposite ends of the cell. Mitisois is the process by which the body produces new cells for both growth and repair of injured tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| same as bone marrow suppression- suppression of bone marrow activity, resulting in reduction in the number of platelets, red cells and white cells such as in aplastic anemia. |
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest point, such as the blood count after it has been depressed by chemotherapy |
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Term
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Definition
| any abnormal growth of new tissue, benign or malignant. Also called tumor |
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Term
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Definition
| potentially cancer producing genes |
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Term
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Definition
| branch of medicine concerned with the study of malignancy. The study of cancerous growths |
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Term
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Definition
| marked decrease in the number of RBC, WBC and platelets |
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Term
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Definition
| A normal gene which, when altered by mutation , becomes an oncogene that can contribute to cancer. Proto-oncogenes may have many different functions in the cell. Some proto-oncogenes provide signals that lead to cell division. Other proto-oncogenes regulate programmed cell death (apoptosis). The defective versions of proto-oncogenes, known as oncogenes, can cause a cell to divide in an unregulated manner. This growth can occur in the absence of normal growth signals such as those provided by growth factors. A key feature of oncogene activity is that a single altered copy leads to unregulated growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| the emission of energy, rays, or waves. The use of a radioactive substance in the diagnosis or treatment of disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| the disintegration of the nucleus of an unstable nuclide by the spontaneous emission of charged particles, photons or both. |
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Term
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Definition
| a radioactive form of an element which may be used for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes |
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Term
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Definition
| radiation therapy administered by a machine that is positioned some distance from the patient; the most common form of radiation therapy treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance in the body that may be associated with the presence of a cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| agents that when accidently infiltrated into the skin cause severe local breakdown and necrosis |
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