Term
| 4 Purposes of lab Data for diagnosis |
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Definition
-reveals problems not visible during assessment
-determines stage of diseases
-estimates the activity of the disease process
-measures effet of therapy |
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Term
|
Definition
-RBC
-hemoglobin
hematocrit
wbc
wbc differential
platelet count
MCV
MCH
MCHC
RDW |
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Term
|
Definition
| Input and output. Test that gives ideas of bodies fluid balance. Not the most accurate measure of fluid status. |
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Term
| How much of body water is intracellular vs. extrcellular? |
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Definition
intracellular- 2/3 of body water
extracellular is 1/3 of body water |
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Term
|
Definition
anion = negative charge
cation = positive charge |
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Term
| What are extracellular electrolytes? |
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Definition
| exert their effects outside the cell |
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Term
| What are intracellular electrolytes? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| four examples of extracellular electrolytes |
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Definition
| sodium, chloride, clacium, bicarbonate |
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Term
| three examples of intracellular electrolytes |
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Definition
| potassium, phosphate, magnesium |
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Term
| Two ways of measuring electrolytes? |
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Definition
| when measure in milligrams per deciliter mg/dl or in milliequivalent mEq/L |
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Term
| Two electrolytes measured in milligrams per deciliter? |
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Definition
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Term
| Four electrolytes measured in milliequivalent mEq/L |
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Definition
| sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride |
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Term
| Normal serum concentration of Sodium? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is chief electrolyte of ECF? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What are the two roles of sodium? |
|
Definition
-maintains water balance throughout body
-participates in the generation of transmission of nerve impulses |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
medications
inadequate sodium intake
water gain
sodium loss |
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Term
| 8 signs and symptoms of hyponatremia? |
|
Definition
-Abdominal cramps
-headaches
-Nausea
-Seizures
-Muscle twitching
-Altered level of consciousness (lethargy or confusion)7 |
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Term
| How to test for hyponatremia during assessment? |
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Definition
| skin with decreased turgor remains elevated after being pulled up and released |
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Term
| Abnormal hypernatremia value |
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Definition
| value greater than 145 mEq/l |
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Term
| a high sodium level, greater than 145 mEq/L, two causes? |
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Definition
water deficit
Excessive sodium intake or gain |
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Term
|
Definition
| do pitting test. press finger tip firmly into skin of bony prominance for a few seconds then note the depth of the imprint your finger leaves on the skin. Slight imprint indicates +1 pitting, deep imprint with skin slow to return to original indicates +4 pitting edema. |
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Term
| Signs and symptoms of hypernatremia |
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Definition
plyuria
anorexia
vomitting
weakness
agitiaton and restlessness
confusion
dry and flushed skin
thirst
lethargy
tachycarida
fever |
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Term
| Potassium, cation or anion? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| normal serum concentration of potassium? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is chief electrolyte of ICF? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What 3 things do potassium's serum concentration levels depend on? |
|
Definition
Aldosterone
sodium reabsorption (as sodium is reabsorved K+ is lost.
Acid Base Balance |
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|
Term
| Potassium in important in (three processes) |
|
Definition
Protein and Carbohydrate metabolism
Cellular building
Transmission of electrical impuslses |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-inadequate intake
-excretion or loss of potassium exceeding intake
Surgery
Alcoholism |
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Term
| 1 major sign and symptom of hypokalemia |
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Definition
| Abnormal EKG (prolonged PR interval, ST depression) |
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Term
| Lab Values of hyperkalemia? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-acute and chronic renal failure
excessive release from cells secondary to traumatic injury, severe infection or burn
Excessive infusion of IV solutions that contain K+ or excessive oral intake
Acidosis
Medications
Fast Growing Cancers |
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Term
| 5 signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia |
|
Definition
hypotension
irregular heart rate
paresthesia
convulsions
cardiac arrest |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| less than 9.0mg/dL common in the elderly |
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Term
| Distribution of Calcium throughout body |
|
Definition
99% found in bone
remaining one percent is albumin bound, ionized or in other anion complexes |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 kinds of patients would commonly have hypercalcemia? |
|
Definition
metastatic malignancy (lung breast ovary, prostate)
hyperparathyroidism
Thiazide diuretic therapy |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Magnesium distribution throughout the body |
|
Definition
1% in blood
49% intracellular
50% bone
most bound to ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
| increased cardiac irritability aggravate cardiac arrhythmias |
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Term
|
Definition
| retards neuromuscular conduction and causes respiratory depression |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| INR (International normalized ratio) |
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Definition
| stands for a way of standarizing the results of prothrombin time tests, no matter the testing method) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Partial Thromboplastim Time |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a protein in RBC that carries oxygen- test is done to determine oxygen carrying capacity in blood |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Three characteristics of low hemoglobin levels? |
|
Definition
anemia/bleeding
overhydration
Bone marrow supression |
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Term
| Three characteristics of high hemoglobin levels |
|
Definition
dehydration
polycythemia cera
pulmonary fibrosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| measures the percentage of RBC found in whole blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 42-52% expressed s total percentage of blood volume composed of RBC |
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Term
| four characteristics of low hematocrit levels? |
|
Definition
overhydration
anemia
bleeding
bone marrow suppression |
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Term
| Two characteristics of high hematocrit levels? |
|
Definition
dehydration
polycythemia vera |
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Term
|
Definition
| Urea nitrogen is what forms when protein breaks down. |
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|
Term
| Normal blood urea nitrogen value |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Four characteristics of low BUN levels |
|
Definition
liver failure
low protein diet
malnutrition
overhydration |
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Term
| 8 characteristics of high BUN values |
|
Definition
CHF
excessive protein levels
GI bleeding
Hypovolemia
Kidney disease
kidney fialure
UTI
Shock |
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Term
|
Definition
| Waste product produced in your muscles from the breakdown of creatine. test used to diagnose imparied kidney function and to determine renal damage. |
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Term
| Three causes of elevated creatinine test values? |
|
Definition
Diets high in meat
Heavy metal chemotherapy
Cephalosporins |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| People that commonly have low Creatinine values (3) |
|
Definition
elderly
muscular dystrophy paralysis |
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|
Term
| characteristic of high creatinine values |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Glucose, formed by? and stored in? |
|
Definition
| formed by digesting carbohydrates store in the liver as glycogen |
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|
Term
| Normal fasting glucose levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucose test is used for screening for three problems? |
|
Definition
diabetes
gesttational diabetes
Hypoglycemia |
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|
Term
| Phosphorus normal job (3) |
|
Definition
maintains ph of bodily fluid
maintains cellular osmotic pressure
important component of DNA and RNA |
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|
Term
| how is absorpotion of phosphorus facilitated? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are phosphorus levels controlled |
|
Definition
| by intake and renal fucntion |
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|
Term
| how does kidney failure afffect phosphorus levels and calcium levels |
|
Definition
| hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia |
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|
Term
| What happens during bone demineralization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What mineral has inverse proportionate relationship to calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seven tests used to evaluate the liver for injury, infection adn inflammation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| 15,000 to 450,000 platlets per microliter of blood |
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|
Term
| How do you evaluate platelet levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 4,500-10,000 per microliter of blood |
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|
Term
| Normal differential WBC levels |
|
Definition
Basophils = .5-1%
Eosinophils 1-4%
Lymphocytes 20-40%
Monocytes 2-8%
Neutrophils 40-60% |
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|
Term
| Where are RBC produced and in response to what? |
|
Definition
| produced in bone marrow in response to blood oxygen levels |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| 4.7-6.1 million per microliter of blood |
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|
Term
| 7 things that urinalysis are used to look at? |
|
Definition
(Used to diagnosis, evaluate and screen)
sepcific gravity
ph
glucose
protein
ketones
blood
nitrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease in number of white blood cells. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| raised white blood cell count |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| high platelet count in blood |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| low platelet count in blood |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Comprehensive metabolic panel. (test that measures many different electrolyte values) |
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|
Term
| Two factors that determine fluid balance ( and what area of the body they occur through) |
|
Definition
insensible fluid loss (occurs through skin and lungs)
Sensible fluid loss (urination, defecation, wounds) |
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|
Term
| What is the most accurate measure of fluid status? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what anion usually accompanies sodium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as sodium is reabsorbed, ___ is lost |
|
Definition
| potassium K (in sodium potassium pump) |
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