Term
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Definition
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Term
| Acquired Immunity is which line of defense? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do B Lymphocytes Do? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do T lymphocytes Do? |
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Definition
| attack the antigen directly |
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Term
| What is specificity in regards to adaptive immunity? |
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Definition
| each T or B cell recognizes only one antigen |
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Term
| What does exposure to the infection a second time promote? |
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Definition
| memory, provides long-term protection |
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Term
| Where are T lymphocytes produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are B lymphocytes produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does Clonal Diversity Occur? |
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Definition
| fetus, primary or central lymphoid organs |
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Term
| What is clonal diversity? |
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Definition
| process in which all lymphocytes recognize millions of foreign antigens |
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Term
| What does clonal diversity result in? |
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Definition
| B and T cells that are immate but immunocompetent / Lymphocyte Specificity |
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Term
| What is clonal selection? |
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Definition
| 2nd phase of the immune response |
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Term
| When does clonal selection primarily occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the final products of clonal selection? |
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Definition
| plamsa cells that produce antibodies/ effect cells that help Th, Tc, or Treg/ memory B and T cells |
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Term
| What must occur with the antigen during clonal selection? |
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Definition
| must be processed, presented to immune cells by antigen-presenting cells, interact with T cells |
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Term
| What occurs in clonal selection? |
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Definition
| immunocompetent B and T cells migrate from the primary and central lymphoid organs to the secondary lymphoid organs to await antigen |
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Term
| Where do T-lymphocytes begin, and where do they move to? |
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Definition
| being in the cortex of the thymus and move to the medulla of the thymus |
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Term
| Where are T-lymphocytes released into? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do T-lymphocytes reside? |
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Definition
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Term
| What develops in the T-lymphocytes? |
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Definition
| T cell receptors and expression of characteristic surface molecules |
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Term
| Which cells are involved in Cellular Immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells are involved in humoral immunity? |
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Definition
| B cells, antibodies circulate in the blood |
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Term
| What is humoral immunity also called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do antibodies bind to? |
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Definition
| antigens or infectious agents |
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Term
| What is another name ofr active immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is active immunity produced? |
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Definition
| after natural exposure to an antigen or after immunization |
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Term
| How does Passive Immunity work? |
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Definition
| antibodies or T lymphocytes are transferred from a donor to a recipient |
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Term
| Does Passive Immunity involve the hosts immune response? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does passive immunity provide? |
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Definition
| temporary immunity as the donor antibodies or T lymphocytes are eventually destroyed |
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Term
| What is an example of passive immunity? |
|
Definition
| maternal antibodies corss placenta to fetus |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule that binds and reacts with an antibody or antigen receptor on B and T cells |
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Term
| What are antigens often associated with? |
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Definition
| pathogens, viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites |
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Term
| Can antigens be associated with Non-pathogenic substances? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are examples of environmental antigens? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are examples of antigens? |
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Definition
| drugs/ vaccines/transfusions/transplanted tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| type of antigen that can trigger an immune response |
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Term
| Are all antigens immunogens? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| precise part of the antigen that is configured for recognition and binding of the antibody |
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Term
| What factors influence immunogenicity? |
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Definition
| Foreignness to host/size of molecule/chemical complexity of immunogen/sufficient quantity |
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Term
| What is the most important influece on immunogenicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are large or small molecules the most immunogenic? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| small molecules that cannot trigger an immune response independently, they need to be bound to a carrier |
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Term
| Which immunogen is the best with regards to chemical complexity? |
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Definition
| the most chemically diverse is the best |
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Term
| What are antibodies also know as? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are immunoglobulins? |
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Definition
| serum glycoproteins produced by plasma cells in response to an immunogen |
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Term
| What are the moleculare classes of immunoglobuins? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How are immunoglobulins characterized? |
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Definition
| by antigenic, structural, and functional differences |
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Term
| Which class of immunoglobulins are the most abundant? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are IgG transported? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which class of immunoglobulins are the major class found in fetal blood and newborns? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How many subclasses of IgG are there? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| in body secretions as dimers anchored by J-chain and secretory piece |
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Term
| What does the secretory piece of IgA funtion to do? |
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Definition
| proctect IgA against enzyme degradation |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| IgA is the dominant immunoglobulin founds in which body fluids as antibodies? |
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Definition
| tears, sweat, saliva, mucus, and breast milk |
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Term
| What other immunoglobulins are found in body secretions in small amounts? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What do lymphoid tissues protect? |
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Definition
| external surfaces of the body |
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Term
| Which immunoglobulin is the largest? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which immunoglobulin is synthesized during fetal life? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is the first antibody procuded during the initial or primary response to an antigen? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which immunoglobulin exists as a pentamer stabilized by a J-chain? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which immunoglobulin is the least concentrated? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which immunoglobulin has very specialized functions? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which immunoglobulin is a mediator of many common allergic responses? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which part of IgE is bound to mast cells? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does IgE defend against? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is IgD found in low concentrations? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where is IgD located primarily? |
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Definition
| on the surface of developing B lymphocytes |
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|
Term
| What does IgD function as? |
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Definition
| one type of B cell antigen receptor |
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|
Term
| What does the antigen binding fragment contain? |
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Definition
| recognition sites or receptors for antigenic determinants |
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|
Term
| What is the crystalline fragment responsible for? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How many polypeptide chains are found in the immunoglobulin structure? |
|
Definition
| 4- 2 heavy and 2 light chains |
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|
Term
| What does each polypeptide chain contain in immunoglobulins? |
|
Definition
| a constant region with same amino acid sequence and a variable region |
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Term
| What are the direct effect of antibodies? |
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Definition
| Neutralization, Agglutination, Precipitation |
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Term
| What are the indirect effects of antibodies |
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Definition
| opsonization, complement medication |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| clumping insoluble particles together |
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Term
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Definition
| making a soluble antigen into an insoluble precipitate |
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Term
| How is the degree of antibody protection assessed? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When does the primary response occur? |
|
Definition
| occurs with initial exposure |
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|
Term
| What occurs during the latent period or lag phase of the primary response? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In the primary response, the IgM antibody for a specific antigen is detected after how long? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What immunoglobulin response follows an IgM reponse in the primary response? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which response is more rapid and produces large amounts of antibodies? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the rapidity due to in the secondary response? |
|
Definition
| memory cells that do not have a differentiate |
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|
Term
| In the secondary response, is IgM or IgG produced in more quantities than in the primary response? |
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Definition
| IgM is produced in similar quantites, IgG is produced in considerable larger quantity |
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|
Term
| Which immunoglobulin is higher in the primary response, IgM or IgG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which immunoglobulin is higher in the secondary response, IgM or IgG? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What do Helper T Lymphocytes do? |
|
Definition
| help antigen-driven maturation of B and T Cells, facilitate and magnify interaction between APCs and immunocompetent lymphocytes |
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Term
| What do Helper T Lymphocytes interact with? |
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Definition
| APC through antigen-specific and antigen-independent mechanisms |
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|
Term
| Do Helper T Lymphocytes undergo differentiation? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What do mature Th interact with? |
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Definition
| plasma or effector T cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| provide help in developing cell-mediated immunity |
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Term
|
Definition
| provide help in developing humoral immunity |
|
|
Term
| What do Antigen Presenting Cells (APC's) do? |
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Definition
| present antigens so that they can react with B or T cells |
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|
Term
| What substances do APC's not present? |
|
Definition
| ions, dendrites, macrophages, B lymphocytes |
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|
Term
| What is the major histocompatability complex? |
|
Definition
| cluster of genes found on human chromosome 6, products of genes are human leykocyte antigens |
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Term
|
Definition
| endogenous proteins antigens |
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Term
|
Definition
| exogenous protein antigens |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| During transplantation, which surface antigens are different between recepient and donor? |
|
Definition
| MHC surface antigens are different, and recipient MHC can mount an immune reponse |
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|
Term
| Where are CD1 molecules found? |
|
Definition
| antigen presenting and thymus cells |
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|
Term
| What do CD1 molecules present? |
|
Definition
| lipid antigens contained in lipoproteins, glycolipids and other molecules |
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|
Term
| What are the two infectors that CD1 molecules have an important role in? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How do T cells become activated? |
|
Definition
| bind antigen to T cell receptor |
|
|
Term
| What do T cells do once they are activated? |
|
Definition
| direct killing of foreign or abnormal cells and assist or activate other cells |
|
|
Term
| What do T regulatory cells do? |
|
Definition
| regulate the immune response to avoid attacking "self" |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of T cells? |
|
Definition
| T-regulator cells/ memory T cells/ cytotoxic T lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| What do cytotoxic T lymphocytes do? |
|
Definition
| responsible for cell mediated destruction of tumor cells or destruction of cells infected with virus |
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|
Term
| What do cytotoxic T lymphocytes contain? |
|
Definition
| perforins and granzymes that are lysosomal granules released onto the surface of the target cell |
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|
Term
| When are B cells activated? |
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Definition
| when immunocompetenet B cells encounter an antigen for the first time |
|
|
Term
| Which B cells are stimulated to differentiate and proliferate? |
|
Definition
| B cells with specific BCR's |
|
|
Term
| What does a differentiated B cell become? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is each plasma cell for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an antibody class switch for B-Cells? |
|
Definition
| major component of B cell maturation |
|
|
Term
| When does antibody class switch occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can B cells change class of antibodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which antibodies are able to respond in fetal or neonatal immunity? |
|
Definition
| IgM is capable of a primary response, IgG is not able to respond |
|
|
Term
| Where do Fetal or Neonatal patients get their immunity? |
|
Definition
| trophoblastic cells transport maternal IgG across the placenta |
|
|
Term
| When aging, which cells decrease and why? |
|
Definition
| T cells activity decreased because thymus is shrinking |
|
|
Term
| What is decreased in aging with regards to immunity? |
|
Definition
| production of specific antibodies, circulating memory B cells |
|
|
Term
| What is increased in aging with regards to immunity? |
|
Definition
| circulating antigen-antibody complexes, circulating auto antibodies |
|
|
Term
| In older adults, what is impaired inflammation a result of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does chronic medication use do in the older adults with regards to immunity? |
|
Definition
| contributes to a decrease in the inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
| What occurs with the healing process with older adults? |
|
Definition
| dimished due to loss of the ability of skin to regenerate, infections are more common. |
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