Term
| overnutrition can cause what conditions? |
|
Definition
obesity
hypertension
hypercholesterolemia
toxic levels of stored vitamins or minerals |
|
|
Term
| can be defined as the physical result of the balance between nutrient intake and nutritional requirements. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an individual who consumes excess saturated fat may be at risk for what? |
|
Definition
| elevated blood cholesterol and cardiovascular disease |
|
|
Term
| a pregnant female who consumes less than the required amounts of folic acid may place her unborn child at risk for certain birth defects, such as neural tube defects, and could be considered in poor nutritional health due to _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| overnutrition in the form of excess dietary intake of fat, especially saturated fat, has been associated with an increased risk of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the US, ___ % of males between age 20-74 are considered overweight or obese |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the US, ___ % of females between age 20-74 are considered overweight or obese |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the past 30 years obesity and overweight has ______ to _______in children and adolescents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the 12th leading cause of death in the US |
|
Definition
| chronic liver disease and cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
| undernutrition can have devastating physical health consequences when _______ or other nutrient deficiences develop |
|
Definition
| protein-calorie malnutrition |
|
|
Term
| undernutrition can lead to what? |
|
Definition
growth faltering
compromised immune status
poor wound healing
muscle loss
physical and functional decline
lack of proper development |
|
|
Term
| who is at risk for undernutrition? |
|
Definition
| people who have a chronic illness or are poor, elderly, hospitalized, restrictive eaters (from chronic dieting or disordered eating), alcoholics, people with depression, poor dental health, decreased knowledge of skills about food prep and recommendations, multiple medications |
|
|
Term
| how can someone be both overnutrition and undernutrition? |
|
Definition
| an overweight child who consumes no fruits or vegetables |
|
|
Term
| prevalence of overweight is highest among which ethnicity and gender? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prevalence of obesity is highest among which ethnicity and gender? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hypertension affects ____% of adults in the US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prevalence of hypertension is highest among which population? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adults of low socioeconomic status have ____ the rate of overweight or obesity than those of medium and high socioeconomic status |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____% of black children have growth retardation during the 1st yr of life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____% of Asian and Pacific Islander children have growth retardation during the 2nd yr of life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____% of older adults in dependent care or hospitals are malnourished |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which ethnicity is more likely than other ethnic groups to have iron deficiency and low folic acid levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the components used in a nutritional assessment? |
|
Definition
physical assessment
anthropometric measurements
laboratory values
nutritional history |
|
|
Term
| what are components of the nutritional history? |
|
Definition
diet recall
food frequency questionnaire
food record |
|
|
Term
| this can be done quickly in most settings to obtain a snapshot assessment of dietary intake. a client is asked verbally to recall all food, beverages, and nutritional supplements or products consumed in a 24 hr period |
|
Definition
| diet recall also called 24 hr recall |
|
|
Term
| the nurse should begin the diet recall by asking what? |
|
Definition
| "tell me what you ate yesterday(or a specific day)." "when was the 1st time you had something to eat or drink in the day". this is better than asking "what did you have for breakfast" |
|
|
Term
| this assesses intake of a variety of food groups on a daily, weekly, or longer basis. |
|
Definition
| food frequency questionnaire |
|
|
Term
| keeping a _______ for up to 3 days can provide supplemental information for a nutritional hisotry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| food diaries longer than 3 days in length tend to be recorded _______ |
|
Definition
| retrospectively with a loss of accuracy |
|
|
Term
| the physical assessment portion of a nutritional assessment consists of what 2 parts? |
|
Definition
| anthropometric measurements and head-to-toe physical assessment of a client |
|
|
Term
| which part of the physical assessment portion of a nutritional assessment includes scientific measurements of the body? |
|
Definition
| anthropometric measurements |
|
|
Term
| height, weight, and measurements of body fat and muscle composition is an example of what? |
|
Definition
| anthropometric measurement |
|
|
Term
| men, women, and adolescents have been reported to overstate self-reported height by up to ____cm(____inch) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adults over the age of 60 have been reported to overstate height by approximately ____cm(_____inch) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a question you should NOT ask retaining to weight changes |
|
Definition
| "has your weight changed recently" bc it may not be accurate or not want to divulge any known gain or loss |
|
|
Term
| in a client loses ___% of their body weight in 1 month it warrants attention. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if a client loses ____% or more in 6 months it warrants attention |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the BMI classification for under 16 BMI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the BMI classification for 16-16.99 BMI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the BMI classification for BMI 17-18.49 BMI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the BMI classification for 18.5-24.9 BMI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the BMI classification for 25-29.9 BMI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the BMI classification for 30-34.9 BMI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the BMI classification for 35-39.9 BMI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the BMI classification for over 40 BMI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____have been reported to have higher proportion of body fat mass at a given BMI than Caucasians |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ adults have greater muscle mass and bone mineral density at a given BMI than Caucasians. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the NHLBI considers waist circumference greater than ____ in males and ____ females to indicate risk for cardiovascular disease |
|
Definition
102 cm(40.16 in)
88 cm (34.65 in) |
|
|
Term
| waist circumference should be mesaured with what? |
|
Definition
| spring-loaded measuring tape |
|
|
Term
| which place is a recommended marking site guide for waste measurement |
|
Definition
| bony landmarks on the lateral border of the ilium |
|
|
Term
| more specific assessment of body fat and muscle mass than weight alone can be made using ____ |
|
Definition
| skinfold measurements or technologic instruments |
|
|
Term
| muscle mass is also referred to as _____ |
|
Definition
| somatic protein stores or skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| this anthropometric measurement can assess body composition of just 2 components, fat and fat-free mass, or in multicomponents, which can include more precise analysis of fat-free mass for muscle, bone and fluid components. |
|
Definition
| skinfold measurements or technologic instruments |
|
|
Term
| skinfold thickness measurements can estimate subcutaneous body fat stores. measurements taken at up to __ sites on the body are believed to be predictive of overall body fat composition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the site most often used to estimate subcutaneous fat bc of easy access to this measuremtn in most situations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| measurements values for each skinfold site can be compared to the reference values that are specific for what |
|
Definition
| gender, age, race, fitness level |
|
|
Term
| simply descriptions of body composition compiled from subjects in population studies and should not be considered the same as a standard |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| values that are known to be desirable targets for health regardless of population norms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ is obtained by measuring the midarm circumference (MAC) at the same site as the tricept skinfold |
|
Definition
| midarm muscle circumference (MAMC) |
|
|
Term
| this is a noninvasive tool for assessing body composition employing principles of electroconduction through water, muscle, and fat. |
|
Definition
| bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) |
|
|
Term
| In _______, electrodes are placed on the dorsal surfaces of the right foot and hand with the client in the supine position on a nonconductive surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with BIA, calculations are based on knowledge that _____ have a higher electrolyte and water content than does fat and thus conduct electric current differently |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In BIA, what causes measurement error by altering electric current flow? |
|
Definition
| altered hydration and altered skin temperature |
|
|
Term
| clients should be well hydrated when employing BIA technology or dehydration will ______ conductivity and gively a falsely ___ body fat measurement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| standard error for BIA measurements approximates skinfold measurements at ____%, provided correct equations are used and the client is hydrated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this measures body fat at specific sites by passing infrared light through tissue and measuring reflected light |
|
Definition
| near-infrared interactance |
|
|
Term
| with the near-infrared interactance, what are included in the calculation to determine total body fat percentage? |
|
Definition
gender
body weight
height
frame size
fitness level |
|
|
Term
| with near-infrared interactance where is the measurement usually performed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the standard error for near-infrared measurements |
|
Definition
| 3.5-5.5% and error is greater with increased body fat |
|
|
Term
| what are some examples of research tools? |
|
Definition
underwater weighing
dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
body plethysmography |
|
|
Term
| what is quickly becoming the research tool of chose? |
|
Definition
| dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) |
|
|
Term
| measures air volume displacement by the body using similar methodology to underwater weighing. clients are measured in a small chamber called a BOD POD body composition tracking system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what % of body fat in men is essential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what % of body fat is essential in women |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HAIR: dull,sparse, brittle hair. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HAIR: dyspigmentation (flag sign). what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FACE: moon face. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FACE: pallor. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EYES: dry mucosa, blindness and night blindness, bitot's spot. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EYES: pale conjunctiva. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EYES: yellow and subdermal fat deposits around lids. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| yellow and subdermal fat deposits aroudn lids |
|
|
Term
| LIPS: cracks at corners, inflammation.what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is angular stomatitis |
|
Definition
| cracks at corners of lips |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TONGUE: smooth, beefy red or magenta |
|
Definition
| niacin, pyridoxine(B6), riboflavin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth, beefy red or magenta tongue |
|
|
Term
| TONGUE: atrophic papillae. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TONGUE: diminished taste. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TEETH: delayed eruption. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TEETH: caries in baby. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
| may indicate baby-bottle tooth decay |
|
|
Term
| TEETH: mottled enamel. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GUMS: spongy, bleeding. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GLANDS: increased thyroid. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GLANDS: increased parotid size. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
| protein-calorie or bulimia |
|
|
Term
| SKIN: poor wound healing/decubitius ulcer. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
| protein, calories, vitamin C, zinc |
|
|
Term
| SKIN: follicular hyperkeratosis. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| follicular hyperkeratosis |
|
|
Term
| SKIN: dry, scaly. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
| vitamin A, essential fatty acids, zinc |
|
|
Term
| SKIN: photosensitive symmetric rash.what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| photosensitive symmetric rash |
|
|
Term
| SKIN: bruising. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SKIN: pinpoint hemorrhages (petechiae).what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SKELETON/TRUNK: stunted growth. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SKELETON/TRUNK: ascites. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SKELETON/TRUNK: beading on ribs(rachitic rosary), bowed legs (rickets), widened epiphysis, narrow chest(pigeon breast). what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SKELETON/TRUNK: loss of fat, muscle wasting. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GENITALIA: hypogonadism. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LIMBS: Pitting edema. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LIMBS: loss of fat, muscle wasting. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NAILS: spoon-shaped (koilonychia) ridges. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NERVOUS SYSTEM: hyporeflexia, confabulation. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NERVOUS SYSTEM: dementia, confusion, ataxia, neuropathy. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NERVOUS SYSTEM: neuropathy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NERVOUS SYSTEM: tetany. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CARDIAC: arrhythmia. what could the potential deficient nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| low albumin levels can be indicative of |
|
Definition
| depleted visceral protein status and malnutrition |
|
|
Term
| what can give false levels of albumin |
|
Definition
| dehydration or overhydration due to hemoconcentration or dilution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
liver disease
infection
inflammation can alter albumin unrelated to nutrition |
|
|
Term
| what is the expected value for albumin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the albumin half-life in days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in measuring albumin, what value indicates mild malnutrition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in measuring albumin, what values indicate moderate malnutrition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in measuring albumin, what values indicate severe malnutrition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prealbumin is also called what |
|
Definition
| thyroxine-binding prealbumin |
|
|
Term
| which has a shorter half-life and therefore is felt to have a more current picture of protein status. prealbumin or albumin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is an acute-phase reactant protein and is affected by inflammation and infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what will cause false values of prealbumin |
|
Definition
| hemoconcentration or dilution |
|
|
Term
| what is the expected values of prealbumin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the half-life in days of prealbumin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what value of prealbumin indicates mild malnutrition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what values of prealbumin indicates moderate malnutrition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what values of prealbumin indicates severe malnutrition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transferrin is responsible for what |
|
Definition
| iron binding and transport |
|
|
Term
| what can alter transferrin value |
|
Definition
| inflammation, infection, or iron deficiency |
|
|
Term
| what is the expected value of transferrin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the half-life in days of transferrin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what value of transferrin indicates mild malnutrition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what values of transferrin indicates moderate malnutrition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what value of transferrin indicate severe malnutrition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| decreased value of total lymphocyte count (TLC) indicate |
|
Definition
| poor immunocompetence from malnutrition |
|
|
Term
| confounding medical conditions such as _____ or _____ interfere with TLC usefulness in nutritional assessment |
|
Definition
| cancer or immunosuppressive drugs |
|
|
Term
| what is the expected value of TLC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| delayed skin hypersensitivity testing is a delayed response to intradermal injection of foreign substances such as ______ or _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| delayed or no response to delayed skin hypersensitivity testing may indicate |
|
Definition
| malnutrition, poor immune system or no previous exposure |
|
|
Term
| high colesterol may indicate |
|
Definition
| overnutrition or undernutrition |
|
|
Term
| low cholesterol may be due to |
|
Definition
| drug treatment is not a risk factor for malnutriton |
|
|
Term
| cholesterol higher than _____ mg/dl may associated with cardiovascular disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cholesterol less than _______ mg/dl may indicate malnutrition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the nutritional anemia assessment, poor nutrition may be evidenced by low stores of |
|
Definition
| iron, folic acid, vitamin b12 |
|
|
Term
| as evidenced by increased red blood volume and deficient folic acid or vitamin B12 level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as evidenced by decreased red blood volume and iron indices |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as evidenced by low plasma hemoglobin, hematocrit, ferritin, iron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| measured to estimate adequacy of dietary protein intake in relation to protein losses. nirogen is used as a marker to measure protein losses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nitrogen balance as evidenced by nitrogen intake equals ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| catabolism occurs when there is a |
|
Definition
| a negative nitrogen balance because losses exceed intake |
|
|
Term
| anabolism occurs when the |
|
Definition
| intake of protein and calories exceeds the nitrogen loss |
|
|
Term
| what are used to assess visceral protein status |
|
Definition
| albumin, prealbumin, and transferrin |
|
|
Term
| a depressed immune status can result from |
|
Definition
| malnutrition, disease, medication or other disease treatments |
|
|
Term
| which acronmyn serves as a healthcare providers reminder of 4 easy to remember topics to address during a quick nutritional assessment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a client indicates to the nurse that he avoids milk and ice cream because they "dont agree with" him. what action should the nurse take? |
|
Definition
| ask the client to describe what occurs when these foods are consumed |
|
|
Term
| a 15 yr old girl is seen at the primary care clinic for a checkup. the girl tells the nurse that she feels "so fat". the adolescent female is 5' 2" and weighs 112 lb. what tool would be the most accurate to determine if there is a problem with the adolescents weight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subdermal fat deposits around the eyelids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| child has deep fissures in the corners of the mouth referred to as "cheilosis" the nurse suspects that the child has a defiency of |
|
Definition
|
|
