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NURS 302
Chp. 9 Nutritional Assessment
174
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
09/17/2011

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Term
overnutrition can cause what conditions?
Definition
obesity
hypertension
hypercholesterolemia
toxic levels of stored vitamins or minerals
Term
can be defined as the physical result of the balance between nutrient intake and nutritional requirements.
Definition
nutritional health
Term
an individual who consumes excess saturated fat may be at risk for what?
Definition
elevated blood cholesterol and cardiovascular disease
Term
a pregnant female who consumes less than the required amounts of folic acid may place her unborn child at risk for certain birth defects, such as neural tube defects, and could be considered in poor nutritional health due to _____
Definition
undernutrition
Term
overnutrition in the form of excess dietary intake of fat, especially saturated fat, has been associated with an increased risk of ______
Definition
atherosclerosis
Term
in the US, ___ % of males between age 20-74 are considered overweight or obese
Definition
70.7%
Term
in the US, ___ % of females between age 20-74 are considered overweight or obese
Definition
61.4%
Term
in the past 30 years obesity and overweight has ______ to _______in children and adolescents
Definition
doubled to 15% and 18%
Term
what is the 12th leading cause of death in the US
Definition
chronic liver disease and cirrhosis
Term
undernutrition can have devastating physical health consequences when _______ or other nutrient deficiences develop
Definition
protein-calorie malnutrition
Term
undernutrition can lead to what?
Definition
growth faltering
compromised immune status
poor wound healing
muscle loss
physical and functional decline
lack of proper development
Term
who is at risk for undernutrition?
Definition
people who have a chronic illness or are poor, elderly, hospitalized, restrictive eaters (from chronic dieting or disordered eating), alcoholics, people with depression, poor dental health, decreased knowledge of skills about food prep and recommendations, multiple medications
Term
how can someone be both overnutrition and undernutrition?
Definition
an overweight child who consumes no fruits or vegetables
Term
prevalence of overweight is highest among which ethnicity and gender?
Definition
Mexican American Males
Term
prevalence of obesity is highest among which ethnicity and gender?
Definition
Mexican American Females
Term
hypertension affects ____% of adults in the US
Definition
31%
Term
prevalence of hypertension is highest among which population?
Definition
black
Term
adults of low socioeconomic status have ____ the rate of overweight or obesity than those of medium and high socioeconomic status
Definition
twice
Term
_____% of black children have growth retardation during the 1st yr of life
Definition
up to 15%
Term
____% of Asian and Pacific Islander children have growth retardation during the 2nd yr of life
Definition
11%
Term
____% of older adults in dependent care or hospitals are malnourished
Definition
up to 60%
Term
which ethnicity is more likely than other ethnic groups to have iron deficiency and low folic acid levels
Definition
mexican american
Term
what are the components used in a nutritional assessment?
Definition
physical assessment
anthropometric measurements
laboratory values
nutritional history
Term
what are components of the nutritional history?
Definition
diet recall
food frequency questionnaire
food record
Term
this can be done quickly in most settings to obtain a snapshot assessment of dietary intake. a client is asked verbally to recall all food, beverages, and nutritional supplements or products consumed in a 24 hr period
Definition
diet recall also called 24 hr recall
Term
the nurse should begin the diet recall by asking what?
Definition
"tell me what you ate yesterday(or a specific day)." "when was the 1st time you had something to eat or drink in the day". this is better than asking "what did you have for breakfast"
Term
this assesses intake of a variety of food groups on a daily, weekly, or longer basis.
Definition
food frequency questionnaire
Term
keeping a _______ for up to 3 days can provide supplemental information for a nutritional hisotry
Definition
food record
Term
food diaries longer than 3 days in length tend to be recorded _______
Definition
retrospectively with a loss of accuracy
Term
the physical assessment portion of a nutritional assessment consists of what 2 parts?
Definition
anthropometric measurements and head-to-toe physical assessment of a client
Term
which part of the physical assessment portion of a nutritional assessment includes scientific measurements of the body?
Definition
anthropometric measurements
Term
height, weight, and measurements of body fat and muscle composition is an example of what?
Definition
anthropometric measurement
Term
men, women, and adolescents have been reported to overstate self-reported height by up to ____cm(____inch)
Definition
2 cm(.787 in)
Term
adults over the age of 60 have been reported to overstate height by approximately ____cm(_____inch)
Definition
2.5cm(.984 in)
Term
what is a question you should NOT ask retaining to weight changes
Definition
"has your weight changed recently" bc it may not be accurate or not want to divulge any known gain or loss
Term
in a client loses ___% of their body weight in 1 month it warrants attention.
Definition
5%
Term
if a client loses ____% or more in 6 months it warrants attention
Definition
10%
Term
What is the BMI classification for under 16 BMI
Definition
severe malnutrition
Term
What is the BMI classification for 16-16.99 BMI
Definition
moderate malnutrition
Term
What is the BMI classification for BMI 17-18.49 BMI
Definition
mild malnutrition
Term
What is the BMI classification for 18.5-24.9 BMI
Definition
normal
Term
What is the BMI classification for 25-29.9 BMI
Definition
overweight
Term
What is the BMI classification for 30-34.9 BMI
Definition
obese class I
Term
What is the BMI classification for 35-39.9 BMI
Definition
obese class 2
Term
What is the BMI classification for over 40 BMI
Definition
obese class 3
Term
_____have been reported to have higher proportion of body fat mass at a given BMI than Caucasians
Definition
asian adults
Term
______ adults have greater muscle mass and bone mineral density at a given BMI than Caucasians.
Definition
african american adults
Term
the NHLBI considers waist circumference greater than ____ in males and ____ females to indicate risk for cardiovascular disease
Definition
102 cm(40.16 in)
88 cm (34.65 in)
Term
waist circumference should be mesaured with what?
Definition
spring-loaded measuring tape
Term
which place is a recommended marking site guide for waste measurement
Definition
bony landmarks on the lateral border of the ilium
Term
more specific assessment of body fat and muscle mass than weight alone can be made using ____
Definition
skinfold measurements or technologic instruments
Term
muscle mass is also referred to as _____
Definition
somatic protein stores or skeletal muscle
Term
this anthropometric measurement can assess body composition of just 2 components, fat and fat-free mass, or in multicomponents, which can include more precise analysis of fat-free mass for muscle, bone and fluid components.
Definition
skinfold measurements or technologic instruments
Term
skinfold thickness measurements can estimate subcutaneous body fat stores. measurements taken at up to __ sites on the body are believed to be predictive of overall body fat composition
Definition
8
Term
is the site most often used to estimate subcutaneous fat bc of easy access to this measuremtn in most situations
Definition
tricep skinfold(TSF)
Term
measurements values for each skinfold site can be compared to the reference values that are specific for what
Definition
gender, age, race, fitness level
Term
simply descriptions of body composition compiled from subjects in population studies and should not be considered the same as a standard
Definition
reference values
Term
values that are known to be desirable targets for health regardless of population norms
Definition
standards
Term
________ is obtained by measuring the midarm circumference (MAC) at the same site as the tricept skinfold
Definition
midarm muscle circumference (MAMC)
Term
this is a noninvasive tool for assessing body composition employing principles of electroconduction through water, muscle, and fat.
Definition
bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)
Term
In _______, electrodes are placed on the dorsal surfaces of the right foot and hand with the client in the supine position on a nonconductive surface
Definition
BIA
Term
with BIA, calculations are based on knowledge that _____ have a higher electrolyte and water content than does fat and thus conduct electric current differently
Definition
muscle and fluids
Term
In BIA, what causes measurement error by altering electric current flow?
Definition
altered hydration and altered skin temperature
Term
clients should be well hydrated when employing BIA technology or dehydration will ______ conductivity and gively a falsely ___ body fat measurement
Definition
slow
high
Term
standard error for BIA measurements approximates skinfold measurements at ____%, provided correct equations are used and the client is hydrated
Definition
3-4%
Term
this measures body fat at specific sites by passing infrared light through tissue and measuring reflected light
Definition
near-infrared interactance
Term
with the near-infrared interactance, what are included in the calculation to determine total body fat percentage?
Definition
gender
body weight
height
frame size
fitness level
Term
with near-infrared interactance where is the measurement usually performed?
Definition
bicep
Term
what is the standard error for near-infrared measurements
Definition
3.5-5.5% and error is greater with increased body fat
Term
what are some examples of research tools?
Definition
underwater weighing
dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
body plethysmography
Term
what is quickly becoming the research tool of chose?
Definition
dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
Term
measures air volume displacement by the body using similar methodology to underwater weighing. clients are measured in a small chamber called a BOD POD body composition tracking system
Definition
plethysmography
Term
what % of body fat in men is essential
Definition
3%
Term
what % of body fat is essential in women
Definition
12%
Term
HAIR: dull,sparse, brittle hair. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
protein
Term
HAIR: dyspigmentation (flag sign). what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
protein, biotin or zinc
Term
FACE: moon face. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
protein
Term
FACE: pallor. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
iron
Term
EYES: dry mucosa, blindness and night blindness, bitot's spot. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
vitamin A
Term
what is xerophthalmia
Definition
dry mucosa
Term
EYES: pale conjunctiva. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
iron
Term
EYES: yellow and subdermal fat deposits around lids. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
high cholesterol
Term
what is xanthelasma?
Definition
yellow and subdermal fat deposits aroudn lids
Term
LIPS: cracks at corners, inflammation.what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
riboflavin
Term
what is angular stomatitis
Definition
cracks at corners of lips
Term
what is cheilosis
Definition
inflammation of lips
Term
TONGUE: smooth, beefy red or magenta
Definition
niacin, pyridoxine(B6), riboflavin
Term
what is glossitis
Definition
smooth, beefy red or magenta tongue
Term
TONGUE: atrophic papillae. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
iron
Term
TONGUE: diminished taste. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
zinc
Term
what is hypogeusia
Definition
diminished taste
Term
TEETH: delayed eruption. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
vitamin D
Term
TEETH: caries in baby. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
may indicate baby-bottle tooth decay
Term
TEETH: mottled enamel. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
excess fluoride
Term
GUMS: spongy, bleeding. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
vitamin C
Term
GLANDS: increased thyroid. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
iodine
Term
what is goiter
Definition
increased thyroid
Term
GLANDS: increased parotid size. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
protein-calorie or bulimia
Term
SKIN: poor wound healing/decubitius ulcer. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
protein, calories, vitamin C, zinc
Term
SKIN: follicular hyperkeratosis. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
vitamin A
Term
what is goosebump flesh
Definition
follicular hyperkeratosis
Term
SKIN: dry, scaly. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
vitamin A, essential fatty acids, zinc
Term
SKIN: photosensitive symmetric rash.what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
niacin
Term
what is pellagra?
Definition
photosensitive symmetric rash
Term
SKIN: bruising. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
vitamins C and K
Term
what is purpura
Definition
bruising
Term
SKIN: pinpoint hemorrhages (petechiae).what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
vitamin C
Term
what is petechiae
Definition
pinpoint hemorrhages
Term
SKELETON/TRUNK: stunted growth. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
protein-calorie, zinc
Term
SKELETON/TRUNK: ascites. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
protein
Term
SKELETON/TRUNK: beading on ribs(rachitic rosary), bowed legs (rickets), widened epiphysis, narrow chest(pigeon breast). what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
vitamin D
Term
what is rachitic rosary
Definition
beading on ribs
Term
what is rickets
Definition
bowed legs
Term
what is pigeon breast
Definition
narrow chest
Term
SKELETON/TRUNK: loss of fat, muscle wasting. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
protein, calories
Term
GENITALIA: hypogonadism. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
zinc
Term
LIMBS: Pitting edema. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
protein
Term
LIMBS: loss of fat, muscle wasting. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
protein, calories
Term
NAILS: spoon-shaped (koilonychia) ridges. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
iron
Term
NERVOUS SYSTEM: hyporeflexia, confabulation. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
thiamine
Term
NERVOUS SYSTEM: dementia, confusion, ataxia, neuropathy. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
vitamin B12
Term
NERVOUS SYSTEM: neuropathy
Definition
excess B6
Term
NERVOUS SYSTEM: tetany. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
calcium, magnesium
Term
CARDIAC: arrhythmia. what could the potential deficient nutrient?
Definition
potassium, magnesium
Term
low albumin levels can be indicative of
Definition
depleted visceral protein status and malnutrition
Term
what can give false levels of albumin
Definition
dehydration or overhydration due to hemoconcentration or dilution
Term
what can alter albumin
Definition
liver disease
infection
inflammation can alter albumin unrelated to nutrition
Term
what is the expected value for albumin
Definition
3.5-5 g/l
Term
what is the albumin half-life in days
Definition
14-20
Term
in measuring albumin, what value indicates mild malnutrition
Definition
2.8-3.4 g/l
Term
in measuring albumin, what values indicate moderate malnutrition
Definition
2.1-3.4 g/L
Term
in measuring albumin, what values indicate severe malnutrition
Definition
less than 2.1 g/L
Term
prealbumin is also called what
Definition
thyroxine-binding prealbumin
Term
which has a shorter half-life and therefore is felt to have a more current picture of protein status. prealbumin or albumin
Definition
prealbumin
Term
______ is an acute-phase reactant protein and is affected by inflammation and infection
Definition
prealbumin
Term
what will cause false values of prealbumin
Definition
hemoconcentration or dilution
Term
what is the expected values of prealbumin
Definition
150-350 mg/L
Term
what is the half-life in days of prealbumin
Definition
2-3
Term
what value of prealbumin indicates mild malnutrition
Definition
110-150 mg/L
Term
what values of prealbumin indicates moderate malnutrition
Definition
50-109 mg/L
Term
what values of prealbumin indicates severe malnutrition
Definition
less than 50 mg/L
Term
transferrin is responsible for what
Definition
iron binding and transport
Term
what can alter transferrin value
Definition
inflammation, infection, or iron deficiency
Term
what is the expected value of transferrin
Definition
more than 200 mg/dl
Term
what is the half-life in days of transferrin
Definition
8-10
Term
what value of transferrin indicates mild malnutrition
Definition
180-200 mg/L
Term
what values of transferrin indicates moderate malnutrition
Definition
160-180 mg/L
Term
what value of transferrin indicate severe malnutrition
Definition
less than 160 mg/L
Term
decreased value of total lymphocyte count (TLC) indicate
Definition
poor immunocompetence from malnutrition
Term
confounding medical conditions such as _____ or _____ interfere with TLC usefulness in nutritional assessment
Definition
cancer or immunosuppressive drugs
Term
what is the expected value of TLC
Definition
2,000-3500 cells/mm3
Term
delayed skin hypersensitivity testing is a delayed response to intradermal injection of foreign substances such as ______ or _____
Definition
streptococcus or candida
Term
delayed or no response to delayed skin hypersensitivity testing may indicate
Definition
malnutrition, poor immune system or no previous exposure
Term
high colesterol may indicate
Definition
overnutrition or undernutrition
Term
low cholesterol may be due to
Definition
drug treatment is not a risk factor for malnutriton
Term
cholesterol higher than _____ mg/dl may associated with cardiovascular disease
Definition
200
Term
cholesterol less than _______ mg/dl may indicate malnutrition
Definition
160
Term
in the nutritional anemia assessment, poor nutrition may be evidenced by low stores of
Definition
iron, folic acid, vitamin b12
Term
as evidenced by increased red blood volume and deficient folic acid or vitamin B12 level
Definition
macrocytic anemia
Term
as evidenced by decreased red blood volume and iron indices
Definition
microcytic anemia
Term
as evidenced by low plasma hemoglobin, hematocrit, ferritin, iron
Definition
iron deficiency anemia
Term
measured to estimate adequacy of dietary protein intake in relation to protein losses. nirogen is used as a marker to measure protein losses
Definition
nitrogen balance
Term
nitrogen balance as evidenced by nitrogen intake equals ___
Definition
nitrogen loss
Term
catabolism occurs when there is a
Definition
a negative nitrogen balance because losses exceed intake
Term
anabolism occurs when the
Definition
intake of protein and calories exceeds the nitrogen loss
Term
what are used to assess visceral protein status
Definition
albumin, prealbumin, and transferrin
Term
a depressed immune status can result from
Definition
malnutrition, disease, medication or other disease treatments
Term
which acronmyn serves as a healthcare providers reminder of 4 easy to remember topics to address during a quick nutritional assessment
Definition
WAVE
Term
a client indicates to the nurse that he avoids milk and ice cream because they "dont agree with" him. what action should the nurse take?
Definition
ask the client to describe what occurs when these foods are consumed
Term
a 15 yr old girl is seen at the primary care clinic for a checkup. the girl tells the nurse that she feels "so fat". the adolescent female is 5' 2" and weighs 112 lb. what tool would be the most accurate to determine if there is a problem with the adolescents weight
Definition
skinfold measurement
Term
xanthelasma
Definition
subdermal fat deposits around the eyelids
Term
xerophthalmia
Definition
dry mucosa
Term
xerophthalmia
Definition
dry mucosa
Term
child has deep fissures in the corners of the mouth referred to as "cheilosis" the nurse suspects that the child has a defiency of
Definition
riboflavin
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