Shared Flashcard Set

Details

NUR 870
Exam 1
73
Nursing
Undergraduate 3
01/23/2011

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is an Antigen?
Definition
a substance/molecule that, when introduced into the body, triggers the production of an antibody by the immune system, which will then kill or neutralize the antigen that is recognized as a foreign and potentially harmful invader.
Term
What is an Allergen?
Definition
a non-parasitic antigen capable of stimulating a type-I hypersensitivity reaction in atopic individuals
Term
What is an Allergy?
Definition
a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system. Allergic reactions occur to normally harmless environmental substances known as allergens; these reactions are acquired, predictable, and rapid.
Term
What is Atopic?
Definition
means it runs in the family
Term
What are mast cells? and where are they located?
Definition
Mast Cells are large cells with granules in their cytoplasm, they contain a mixture of chemical mediators that act rapidly to make local blood vessels more permeable.
Location: Mast cells are found in abundance in vascularized connective tissue just beneath body epithelial surfaces (submucosal tissues of GI and respiratory tracts, and skin)
Term
What is a mediator?
Definition
A chemical substance that facilitates and spreads inflammation. They are "Go-betweens" that facilitate communication between cells. Some are derived from cells and some are derived from plasma.
Term
What are the two types of mediators?
Definition
Exogenous mediators - Chemotactic factors from bacteria that cause direct tissue injury
Endogenous mediators - Are released from injured tissues and spread into uninjured areas, they are more numerous and more important than exogenous mediators. They are responsible for the spread of an acute inflammatory response following injury.
Term
What is the purpose of Antigen Presenting Cells?
Definition
Antigens must be properly proscessed by antigen presenting cells (APC's) and presented on the surface of their cell membranes in order for helper T (Th) cells to recognize the antigen and activate the immune response to act against it.
Term
What is the importance of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)?
Definition
HLA provides the immune system with the ability to recognize foreign substance is foreign because the cellular fingerprint of the foreign substance will NOT match your unique cellular fingerprint. This will then set off the initial attack by APC's and subsequent activation of the rest of the immune system.
Term
What are the most common Type 1 Hypersensitivity disorders?
Definition
Hay fever, Asthma, Eczema, Food allergies, Anaphylaxis (Systemic)
Term
What is the primary type 1 characteristics?
Definition
it requires more than one exposure
Term
What are the key cells involved in Type 1 hypersensitivity?
Definition
IgE, and Mast cells
Term
What are examples of allergens in Type 1 hypersensitivity?
Definition
Medications (penicillin, contrast dye), Biological agents (insect sting, vaccines), Foods (nuts, seafood, eggs), Yellow dye #5, Metals (Nickels, aluminum, zinc)
Term
What is the Primary (stage 1) stage of Type 1 Hypersensitivity?
Definition
First exposure, antibody production with Mast cell binding, cells are primed to go.
Term
What is the Secondary (stage 2) stage of Type 1 Hypersensitivity?
Definition
Subsequent exposure, rapid response, Sequence of events (Allergen binds to IgE, mast cell degranulation, mediator release)
Term
What is the genetic link of hyper-responsiveness and allergies?
Definition
High IgE levels, Reduced suppressor T cells.
Term
What are the manifestations of type 1 hypersensitivity?
Definition
Potent vasodilation (stuffy nose, lower BP), increased vascular permeability (edema, runny nose), bronchial smooth muscle contraction/constriction (breathing difficulties, wheezing), Leukocytes chemotaxis (none directly, attracts WBC's to area of inflammation/injury), pain associated w/ inflammation (discomfort).
Term
What are the manifestations of Systemic Anaphylaxis?
Definition
Smooth muscle contraction of bronchioles (can't breathe), Vasodilation of arterioles (BP drop), Increase in capillary permeability (swelling up)
Term
What is the primary characteristic of type 2 hypersensitivity?
Definition
breaks down cells and blood cells.
Destruction of targeted cells, antigens on cell stimulate antibody production.
Term
What are the primary antigens in Type 2 hypersensitivity?
Definition
IgG (primarily), WBC's, IgM
Term
What are example disorders of type 2?
Definition
Blood transfusion reaction (ABO incompatibility), Newborn ABO and RH, autoimmune disorders (Hemolytic Anemia, Myasthenia Gravis, Graves disease), Certain drug reactions
Term
What common signs and symptoms of Type 2?
Definition
Systemic (Chills, fever), Pulmonary (Dyspnea, coughing, cyanosis, wheezing, crackles, pulmonary edema), Integumentary (itching, rash, urticara/hives), Hematologic (abnormal bleeding), Neuro (H/A, uneasy feeling), Renal (Hemoglobinuria, oliguria/anuria), Other (chest/back pain, myalgia)
Term
What are the characteristics of Type 3 immune complex hypersensitivity?
Definition
Circulating AB (antibody) react with free AG (Antigen), formation of Ag-Ab complexes, deposit in tissues (kidneys, blood vessels, joints and skin)
Term
What is the underlying cause of tissue damage in type 3 hypersensitivity?
Definition
Triggering of the compliment cascade
Term
What can precipitate a type 3 response?
Definition
Persistent low grade infection (chronic immune complex production), Extrinsic environmental antigens (inhaled antigen), Autoimmune process (auto antibodies attack self-antigens
Term
What are the chain of events for type 4 hypersensitivity?
Definition
Sensitized T cells attack antigen and release lymphokines, lymphokines attract macrophages into contaminated area, macrophages cause damages
Term
What are the major characteristics for type 4?
Definition
T cell response to an allergen (antigen). No antibodies involved at all.
Term
What is the cause of delay in type 4?
Definition
T cell migration and accumulation
Term
What is the onset and progression for type 4?
Definition
begin to appear 24 hrs. after exposure. Reach max intensity 1-3 days. Damage can be extensive.
Term
What are example disorders for type 4?
Definition
Contact dermatitis (includes poison ivy), Organ transplants (chronic graft rejection), TB skin test
Term
What are the pharmacotherapy options for hypersensitivity reactions?
Definition
Immunosuppressants, antihistamines, epinephrine
Term
What do the pharmacotherapy options (Immunosuppressants, antihistamines, epinephrine) do?
Definition
Antihistamines (Suppress histamine mediator activity), Immunosuppresant's (Suppress cell-mediated immunity, anti-inflammatory), Epinephrine (halts mediator activity)
Term
What are the classifications, indication, attack, and major SE of epinephrine?
Definition
Classification: Vasopressor, bronchodilator, anti-ashmatic, vasoconstriction.
Indication: Severe allergic reactions, cardiac arrest, sever asthmatic attack
Attack: inhibits release of mediators from mast cells
SE: Cardiovascular (Angina, Arrhythmias, HTN, Tachycardia) Central Nervous System (Nervousness, Restlessness, Tremor)
Term
What is the route, dosage and how supplied for Epinephrine?
Definition
Routes: All except PO, SQ is preferred
Dosage: Adults (0.2 to 1 mg) Peds (.o1/mg/kg)
Supplied: 1 mg in 1 ml vial (1:1000)
Term
What are the nursing implications for epinephrine?
Definition
Monitor: V.S. and for status of reversal of symptoms.
Correct dosage is crucial. for SQ use a TB syringe.
For home use - teach how to correctly use adn contact clinican right after taking
Term
What is Anemia? and what does it result in?
Definition
Anemia is abnormally low number of circulating RBC's or Hgb level, which results in diminished oxygen carrying capacity.
Term
What does the severity of clinical manifestations of anemia depend on?
Definition
Severity of Anemia: (Asess RBC, Hgb & Hct - the lower they are the more severe the symptoms) Rate of Onset: (Fast/acute: body wont be able to compensate fast enough, person will experience a lot more symptoms. Slow: Body has good compensatory mechanisms, patient will have increased BP, HR, and Resp. to compensate for blood loss, the body will work harder an be pumping more blood to get it to circulate and pick up more oxygen for tissue.) Compensatory mechanisms: (Assess V.S. and RBC's, if body is compensating then V.S. should be increased.) Individual Factors:(Age extremes, general health status)
Term
What are types of Decreased RBC production anemias?
Definition
Iron deficiency anemia (most common), Aplastic Anemia, Chemotherapy induced
Term
What are types of increased RBC destruction Anemias?
Definition
Hemolytic Anemias (Sickle Cel Anemia, Hemolytic disease of newborn, Antibody mediated drug reactions)
Term
What are types of Increased RBC loss anemias?
Definition
Hemorrhage, Chronic bleeding, frequent blood sampling
Term
What are major causes of Iron deficiency Anemia (decreased RBC production)?
Definition
Chronic blood loss, deficient dietary intake (infancy), Increased demand (pregnancy & lactation).
Term
What are clinical manifestations of Iron deficiency Anemia?
Definition
Same as those of anemias, Epithelial atrophy (brittle hair and nails, smooth tounge, mouth sores, GI). Possible dysphagia and decreased acid secretions.
Term
What is the underlying patho of Primary hemolytic Anemia?
Definition
Mutated genes altering hemoglobin or erythrocyte structure and function
Term
what is acquired hemolytic anemia?
Definition
Premature destruction of RBC's caused by some external agent
Term
What are common causes of acquired hemolytic anemia?
Definition
Immune disorders (autoimmune attack, blood incompatibilities: ABO blood type, Rh factor. Certain drugs, Other: Physical agents, microangiopathies)
Term
In hemolytic Anemia what do you look for?
Definition
Reflection of RBC destruction, Increased reticulocyte count (Reticulocyte = immature RBC's), Mild jaundice, hemoglobinuria (red urine), hemoglobinemia (low circulating blood).
Term
What is a common cause of acute bleeding? and what labs do you look for?
Definition
Hemorrhage (trauma, GI bleeding). Labs: RBC, Hgb & Hct. Normal size and color. Rapid decrease r/t hemodilution.
Term
What is Aplastic Anemia? and what does it result in?
Definition
Primary condition of bone marrow stem cells. It results in...(figure out)
Term
What is polycythemia?
Definition
an abnormally high total RBC mass
Term
what are the causes of primary polycythemia (polycythemia Vera)?
Definition
Cause: Excessive production of erythrocyte precursors in bone marrow. Myeloproliferative disease (effects all blood cells except Lymphocytes). How develops: Abnormality in pluripotential stem cells.
Term
What are the causes, purpose, and goal of secondary polycythemia?
Definition
Cause: Adaptive (compensatory) response to tissue hypoxia. Purpose: "Build more boats". Goal: Provide more oxygen carriers by increasing RBC production.
Term
Who develops secondary polycythemia?
Definition
Patients with chronic pulmonary and chronic heart problems
Term
With the four stage classification system. What is the Stage 1 of cancer?
Definition
Organ of Origin
Term
With the four stage classification system. What is the Stage 2 of cancer?
Definition
Locally Invasive
Term
With the four stage classification system. What is the Stage 3 of cancer?
Definition
Regional Spread
Term
With the four stage classification system. What is the Stage 4 of cancer?
Definition
Spread to distant sites
Term
In the TNM classification system, what does T=0 mean?
Definition
No evidence of primary tumor
Term
In the TNM classification system, what does T=IS mean?
Definition
Tumor in situ
Term
In the TNM classification system, what does T=1-4 mean?
Definition
Progressive increase in tumor size or involvement
Term
In the TNM classification system, what does N=0 mean?
Definition
No spread to regional lymph nodes
Term
In the TNM classification system, what does N=1 mean?
Definition
Spread to closest or small # of regional lymph nodes
Term
In the TNM classification system, what does N=2 mean?
Definition
Spread to most distant or numerous regional lymph node
Term
In the TNM classification system, what does M=0 mean?
Definition
No mestatsis
Term
In the TNM classification system, what does M=1 mean?
Definition
Yes there is metastasis
Term
In the Stage theory of Carcogenesis. What is the initiation stage?
Definition
Initiation: Irreversible mutation = acting agent is a carcinogen, the "initiated cell" is not a cancer cell, it requires more mutation
Term
In the Stage theory of Carcogenesis. What is the promotion stage?
Definition
Promotion: Reversible proliferation of initiated cells = time it takes for initial cell mutation to develop into cancer, acting agent is promoters.
Term
In the Stage theory of Carcogenesis. What is the progression stage?
Definition
Progression: Clinical cancer, = invasion metastasis.
Term
In the cell cycle, what phase is G=0?
Definition
Rest phase
Term
In the cell cycle, what phase is G=1?
Definition
cell growth
Term
In the cell cycle, what phase is S=1?
Definition
DNA synthesis
Term
In the cell cycle, what phase is G=2?
Definition
Prepare to divide
Term
In the cell cycle, what phase is M?
Definition
Mitosis (division
Term
In the cell cycle, what phase is M?
Definition
Mitosis (division
Supporting users have an ad free experience!