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NUR 203 GI
GI
95
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
11/15/2010

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Term

How many quadrants does the abdomen have? What are they?

 

Definition
RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ
Term
what are the three layers of muscles in the abdomen?
Definition
the outtermsot layer is the external oblique muscle, the middle layer is the internal abdominal oblique, the innermost layer is the tranverse abdominalis
Term
aponeuroses
Definition
connective tissue extensions of the muscles
Term
what is the white line of connective tissue in the abdomen?
Definition
the linea alba
Term
parietal peritoneum
Definition
a thin serous membane that lines the abdominal cavity
Term
visceral peritoneum
Definition
a protective covering for most internal abdominal organs
Term
what is the largest organ in the body?
Definition
the liver, it has 4 lobes. in the RUQ. 
Term
what are the functions of the liver?
Definition
glucose storage, formation of blood plasma proteins, cholesterole production, bile formation, destruction of RBC's, storage of iron and vitamins, and detoxication.
Term
the pancreas
Definition
is normally not palpable. it is an endocrine gland and an acessory organ for digestion. filters blood, digests microorganisms, returns the breakdowns tot the liver
Term
the kidneys
Definition
concidered posterior organs, best assesed at the costoverterbral angle, aids with filtration, and elimination of waste products. maintenance of water and electrolytes. controls blood pressure, and secretes hrmones. At level of T12 and L3. 
Term
the gallbladder
Definition
stores bile to digest fat. not normally palpable. found at posterior surface of liver
Term
the small intestine
Definition
longest part of digestive system, aids in digestion and absorption of food. Not normally palpated
Term
T OR F: the sigmoid colon is is often felt as a firm structure?
Definition
true
Term
the colon functions by...?
Definition
secreting large amounts of alkaline mucous to lubricate and neutralize, the absorption of water leavings wastes to be expelled. 
Term
what supplies the organs of the body?
Definition
the aorta and it's many branches
Term
where can the pulsations of the right illiac artery be felt at?
Definition
the RLQ and the LLQ
Term
as you age, what happens to your ability to feel pain?
Definition
it goes down
Term
acute pancreatitis
Definition
produces sudden onset of pain
Term
pancreatic cancer pain
Definition
gradual and recurrent
Term
what causes pain for esophageal reflux?
Definition
being in the supine position
Term
epigastric pain is accompanied by...?
Definition
tarry stools that suggest a gastric or duodenal ulcer
Term
pyrosis
Definition
indigestion
Term
emesis
Definition
vomitus
Term
why do elderly patients not eat as much?
Definition
they experience a gradual decline in appetite
Term
normal bowel movements are...?
Definition
2 to 3 times a day to 3 times a week
Term
Diarrhea
Definition
a frequency of bowel movements producing unformed or liquid stools. 
Term
Bloody and mucois stools are associated with...?
Definition
inflammatory bowel syndrome
Term
the elderly are at risk for...?
Definition
diarrhea and severe dehydration
Term
UTI's
Definition
common in the elderly. they can be recurrent and chronic
Term
what can cause gastric bleeding?
Definition
asprin, ibuprofin, and steroids
Term
overuse of laxatives
Definition
may decrease intestinal tone and promote dependency. High iron intake can lead chronic constipation. 
Term
what are some alcohol related disorders?
Definition
gastritis, esophageal varices, pancreatis, liver cirrhosis
Term
grey turner sign
Definition
purple discoloration at the flanks. it is indicative of bleeding within the abdominal wall. 
Term
where is jaundice more apparent?
Definition
on the abdomen
Term
pale taught skin may be seen with?
Definition
ascites
Term
dilated veins may be seen with...?
Definition
cirrhosis of the liver, obstrcution of the vena cava, portal hypertension, and ascites
Term
dark bluish pink straie are associated with...?
Definition
Cushing's syndrome
Term
ascites usually results from...?
Definition
liver failure or liver disease
Term
cullens sign
Definition
bluish or purple discoloration around the umbillicus which indicates intra-abdominal bleeding
Term
Scafoid abdomincal shape is ...?
Definition
abnormal
Term
to furthur ascess the abdomen for herniation or diastasis recti ask the client to?
Definition
raise their head
Term
a hernia
Definition
a protrusion o the bowel through the abdominal wall. 
Term
diastasis recti
Definition
appears as a bulging between the vertical midline which separates the abdominis rectus muscles. It is of little significance
Term
vigorous, wide, exagerated pulsations may be seen with...?
Definition
abdominal aortic aneurysm
Term
what direction do peristalic waves move during a intestinal obstruction?
Definition
they move from LUQ to the RLQ
Term
when ausculatating for bowel sounds use the (     ) but when ausculating for vacular sounds use the ( ) but when ausculating for a friction rub use the (   )
Definition
Bowel- diaphragm. Vascular - bell. Friction rub- diaphragm
Term
What is a normal rate for bowel sounds?
Definition
5 to 30 per minute
Term
borborygma
Definition
hyper active bowel sounds
Term
when ausculating for bowel sounds you begin in the...?
Definition
RLQ and work clockwise covering all quadrants
Term
with postoperative care, how long does the stomach take to recover? the colon?
Definition
the stomach takes 24-48 hours. the colon takes 3 to 5 days to recover the ability to move food in it. 
Term
hypoactive bowel sounds
Definition
indicate a diminished bowel motility. common causes are bowel obstruction and abdominal surgery. 
Term
hyperactive bowel sounds 
Definition
indicate increased bowel motility. common causes are diarrhea, gastroenteritis, or early bowel obstruction. 
Term
absent bowel sounds
Definition
an emergency. associated with peritonitis and paralytic ileus. 
Term
where do you listen when ausculating for a venous hum?
Definition
in the epigastric and umbillicus regions
Term
a bruit indicates...?
Definition
turbulent blood commonly from an aneurysm or arterial stenosis. 
Term
to asses the decent of the liver ask the client to?
Definition
take a deep breath and hold it
Term
on deep inspiration the lower border of the liver is usually ...?
Definition
found 1 to 4 cms bellow the costal margin
Term
where is the upper border of dullness located?
Definition
between the 5th and 7th intercostal space. 
Term
what would make it hard to observe the upper border of the liver?
Definition
consolidation or pleural fluid. 
Term
hepatomegaly
Definition
a liver span that exceeds normal ranges. usually due to tumors, cirrhosis, abscess, and vascular engorgement. 
Term
how does emphysemia affect the liver?
Definition
it can cause the liver to be in a lower position
Term
what can cause the liver to be in a higher position than normal?
Definition
ascites, a paralyzed diaphram, and an abdominal mass
Term
what is a normal liver span?
Definition
4 to 8 cm's
Term
where is the spleen heard?
Definition
near the left 10th rib
Term
splenomegaly
Definition
is chracterized by an area of dullness greater than 7 cm's
Term
how can you tell if there is an enlarged spleen?
Definition
on inspiration there is dullness at the last left intercostal space at the anterior axillary line. 
Term
light palpation depresses how deep?
Definition
1 cm
Term
tenderness over the liver may be a sign of?
Definition
hepatitis or cholecystitis
Term
when do the rectus abdominis muscle relax?
Definition
on expiration
Term
pyelonephritis
Definition
a kidney infection
Term
right sided guarding may be due to...?
Definition
cholesecystitis
Term
dee palpation goes how far?
Definition
5 to 6 cm's
Term
what has a high potential for herniation?
Definition
a soft umbillical cord, usually it is hard
Term
what do you never palpate?
Definition
a pulsating midline mass, it may be a disecting aneurysm and it can rupture from the pressure of palpations
Term
how do you palpate bimanually?
Definition
stand at the clients RIGHT and place the left hand under the client's back at the 10th to 11th rib. lay hand parallel so that hands face the head. palpate by compressing the hands upward and down on inhilation
Term
T OR F the liver is not usually palpable?
Definition
true
Term
when is a liver considered enlarged?
Definition
when it is 1 to 3 cm's bellow the costal margin 
Term
a firm hard liver is indicative of?
Definition
cancer
Term
a palpable spleen suggests?
Definition
enlargement
Term
if the spleen feels hard with a sharp edge...?
Definition
it is enlarged from chronic disease
Term
if the spleen feels soft with a rounded edge then?
Definition
it is indicative of splenic enlargement
Term
when assesing for ascites in a patient laying down, you will find ascites where?
Definition
the top of the abdomen will be tympanic from gas but a ring on the bottom will be dull
Term
when assesing a patient with ascites when they are kaying on their side you will find?
Definition
tympany on the top side of the abdomen and dullness on the top indicating ascites
Term
what is a positive rovsing's sign?
Definition
pain in the RLQ when the LLQ is being pressed
Term
pain in the RLQ...?
Definition
psoas sign. associated with irritation of iliopsoas muscle due to appendicitis
Term
holding your breath due to pain is...?
Definition
a positive sign of Murphy's sign and is associated with acute cholecystitis
Term
esophageal varices
Definition
distension in the veins which can burst. associated with alcohol use
Term
what is the order for GI?
Definition
inspection, ausculation, percussion, palpation
Term
what are signs of colon cancer?
Definition
intestinal pain and he stool is thinner
Term
hosen activity
Definition
the movement of stool
Term
paralytic illeus
Definition
life threatening and an emergency. when the bowel sounds don't return after surgery
Term
what are the '6 f's ' for abdominal distension?
Definition
fats, feces, fluids, flatulence, fetus, firoids
Term
accolt
Definition
blood in the urine that is not visible. it is a sign of cancer
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