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Nueroscience
Brain structures, nuerotransmitters, anat. of a nueron, endocrine system and brain imaging techniques
46
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
09/09/2009

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Cards

Term
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Definition
The nuerotransmitter largely responsible for motor functions, though also involved in other functions
Term
Action Potential
Definition
The point at which the charge inside an axon is at +40mV, and the charge is being conducted across the axon.
Term
Adrenal Glands
Definition
Located on the kidney, responsible for the production of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Term
Amygdala
Definition
The small, almond shaped structure in the brain connected to many other regions that is responsible for emotional processing (largely fear)
Term
Aphasia
Definition
The deficit of the ability to speak, or understand communications
Term
Axon
Definition
The projection which action potential travels down
Term
Basal ganglia
Definition
The structure in the brain responsible for voluntary motor control (gangles)
Term
Broca’s area
Definition
The area in the left frontal lobe of the brain responsible for speech
Term
Catecholamines
Definition
Chemicals released from the adrenal glands that function as hormones and nuerotransmitters to control ANS activation
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
The structure in the hind brain responsible for body movement, motor skills, balance, and cognitive activites such as learning and language
Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition
The area around the cerebrum responsible for human thought, planning perception and consciousness
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
The two large, folded areas of the brain
Term
Cingulate Gyrus
Definition
Belt like structure in the brain that is important to attention and cognitive control
Term
Corpus Callosum
Definition
The connection between the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum
Term
Cortisol
Definition
A hormone released by the adrenal glands responsible for maintaining the activation of bodily sytems during prolonged stress
Term
Dendrites
Definition
The projections off of the soma of the nerve cell which form connections to other nerves
Term
Dopamine
Definition
The “reward” neurotrsnsmitter involved in feeding, orgasm, doing well on a test and other “feel-good” behaviors. Upper. Also involved in muscle control.
Term
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Definition
a method for recording the brain's electrical activity in which electrodes are placed on the person's head
Term
Endocrine System
Definition
System of glands the secrete and regulate hormones in the body
Term
Enzymatic Degradation
Definition
The process that occurs after the firing of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft to get rid of excess chemicals by use of enzymes
Term
Epinephrine
Definition
“Adrenaline” doesn’t affect mental processes
Term
Event-Related Potential (ERP)
Definition
A special technique that extracts electrical activity from raw EEG data to measure cognitive processes
Term
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Definition
brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to produce detailed images of activity in the brain and other soft tissues
Term
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
Definition
Inhibitory neurotransmitter. The “brakes” of the central nervous system. Questioned whether or not eplilepsy is caused by a lack of GABA. Alchohol and other depressants cause an increase in GABA levels.
Term
Glutamate
Definition
The major excitatory neurotransmiter. Increases the likelihood that the post synaptic neuron will fire
Term
Hippocampus
Definition
The structure in the limbic system that plays a vital role in learning and memory.
Term
Hormones
Definition
Chemicals secreted by gland that travel through the blood stream to tissues and organs
Term
Hyptholamus
Definition
The structure in the limbic system that is the mahjor regulator of all drives (sex, hunger, temperature) also controls the pituatary gland.
Term
Insula
Definition
The small area in the cerebrum that plays an important role in monitoring bodily perceptions, emotional states and addictive behavior
Term
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Definition
Imaging technique that uses high powered magnets to produce images of the brain (and other soft tissues) structure
Term
Medulla
Definition
The structure in the hind brain responsible for involuntary actions, such as breathing
Term
Myelin Sheath
Definition
Covers the axon, insulates the axon and provides more effective communication, stronger connections to other neurons, and transmission of electrical impulses. Develops from birth to young adulthood. Freidreich’s Ataxia (improper mitochondrial function, no production of fritaxin, increase of iron, thinning of myelin sheath)
Term
Norepinephrine
Definition
“Adrenaline” that DOES cause emotional and mental arousal. ADHD patients often have low levels of norepinephrine
Term
Pituitary Gland
Definition
The master endocrine gland that releases hormones into the body
Term
Pons
Definition
The “Bridge” structure that connects the hind brain to regions of the mid- and forebrain
Term
Positron emission tomography
Definition
A technique that uses radioactive sugars to determine brain activity based on blood flow
Term
Refractory period
Definition
The period of time after a nerve fires when it cannot fire again
Term
Resting potential
Definition
The electrical charge that a nerve has at rest (-70mV)
Term
Reticular formation
Definition
Bundle of nerves that runs through the mid and hind brain that is responsible for waking up and falling asleep (experiments on cat’s recticular formation)
Term
Serotonin
Definition
The chief nuerotransmitter involved in excitatory states. Ecstasy causes an increase in serotonin, while depression is caused by low levels of serotonin. Schizophrenia is caused by too high levels of serotonin.
Term
Soma
Definition
The body of a neuron
Term
Synapse
Definition
The gap between nerves (between nerves and muscles is the neuromuscular junction)
Term
Synaptic vesicles
Definition
The vesicles in the terminal buttons that holds neurotransmitters
Term
Terminal button
Definition
At the end of the dendrites, sacs of neurotransmitters
Term
Thalamus
Definition
The structure in the brain that is responsible for sensory relay (except olfactory)
Term
Wernicke’s area
Definition
The area of the brain that is responsible for comprehension of speech, and formation of meaningful sentences.
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