Term
Axons of one neuron doesn’t touch the _ of another |
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Definition
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Term
When an impulse reaches the end of its axon, a biochemical messenger called a _ is released |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
water, glucose, electrolytes, proteins, <5 wbc |
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Term
normal protein level of CSF |
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Definition
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Term
Extends from the border of the first cervical vertebra (C1) to the level of the second lumbar vertebra (L2) |
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Definition
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Term
aging pigment deposited in nerve cells with amyloid, a type of protein |
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Definition
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Term
which convey impulses towards the cell body |
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Definition
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Term
which conduct impulses away from the cell body |
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Definition
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Term
Transmit information from distal parts of the body or environment toward the central nervous system |
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Definition
Sensory neurons (Afferent) |
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Term
Carry motor information from the CNS to the periphery |
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Definition
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Term
material that covers many axons and dendrites, and enhancees conduction along nerve fibers |
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Definition
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Term
myelin sheath gives the axons a _ appearance, cell bodies without myelin appear _ |
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Definition
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Term
vital signs in a neurological assessment are a reliable but |
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Definition
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Term
5 categories of an advanced neurologic examination |
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Definition
cranial nerves, coordination and balance, neuromuscular function, sensory function, reflexes |
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Term
OH OH OH TO TOUCH AND FEEL A GIRL'S VELVET SO HEAVENLY TRY IT |
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Definition
Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, acoustic, glassopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal |
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Term
drug therapy for the neurologic system |
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Definition
Antimicrobials Analgesics Anti-inflammatory Corticosteroids Anticonvulsants Diuretics Chemotherapeutic agents Dopaminergics Anticholinergics Cholinergics Antihistamines |
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Term
Any procedure done to repair a skull defect |
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Definition
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Term
Excision of a segment of the skull |
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Definition
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Term
Surgical opening of the skull |
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Definition
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Term
Monitor for s/sx of complications of brain surgery |
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Definition
Headache Visual disturbance Vomiting Seizure Respiratory distress or depression For craniotomy: increased ICP, CSF leak, meningitis, & seizures |
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Term
gillain barre syndrome typically begins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
earliest and most reliable indicatro of ICP |
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Definition
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Term
Classic pupil changes (late sign): With increased ICP |
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Definition
pupils dilated, fixed, non-reactive to light (referred to as “blown pupils”) due to pressure on the oculomotor (3rd) cranial nerve |
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Term
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Definition
contralateral effects, hemiparesis, hemiplegia, decerebrate, decorticate, hypothalamic impariment, hypertension, widen pulse pressure, HR slow & irregular, alterations in resp pattern |
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Term
extension posturing, problem in midbrain/upper pons |
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Definition
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Term
abnormal flexion posturing, problem is above the midbrain |
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Definition
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Term
drug therapy for increased ICP |
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Definition
Mannitol (hyperosmolar diuretic) Corticosteriods to decrease inflammation Decadron or Solumedrol |
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Term
Intracranial vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation |
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Definition
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Term
migraine headache is Triggered by |
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Definition
menstruation, ovulation, alcohol, some foods, stress |
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Term
pain r/t to migraine headache is usually _ and often beings in the _ area and is very intense |
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Definition
unilateral, temple or eye |
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Term
mild migrains are treated with |
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Definition
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Term
sever migraines are treated with |
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Definition
ergotamine (Cafergot) or sumatriptan (Imitrex) tablet or autoinjector for self-injection, fluids, and rest |
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Term
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Definition
tearing and n/v, hypersensitive to light and sound |
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Term
Occur in a series of episodes followed by a long period with no symptoms |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Intensely painful, usually unilateral, and seem to be related to stress or anxiety Usually have no warning symptoms Shorter duration than migraines |
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Term
treatment for cluster headache may include |
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Definition
cold application, indomethacin (Indocin), and tricyclic antidepressants |
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Term
Result from prolonged muscle contraction from anxiety, stress, or stimuli from other sources, such as a brain tumor or an abscessed tooth |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Pain location may vary; may have nausea and vomiting, dizziness, tinnitus, or tearing |
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Term
treatment for tension headache |
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Definition
correction of known causes, psychotherapy (if related to anxiety), massage, heat application, and relaxation techniques Analgesics, usually nonopioid, and anxiolytics to reduce anxiety and stress may be prescribed |
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Term
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Definition
scalp injuries, concussion, contusion, hematoma, intracerbral hemorrhage, penetrating injuries |
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Term
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Definition
Lacerations, contusions, abrasions, and hematomas |
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Term
Trauma with no visible injury to the skull or brain |
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Definition
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Term
Bruising and bleeding in the brain tissue |
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Definition
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Term
Subdural hematoma or epidural hematoma |
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Definition
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Term
From lesions within the tissue of the brain itself |
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Definition
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Term
Sharp objects penetrate the skull and brain tissue |
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Definition
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Term
surgical treatment of head injury are directed at |
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Definition
evacuating/remvoing hematomas and debriding damaged tissue |
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Term
Inflammation of the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord caused by either viruses or bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
Three most frequently encountered acute bacterial meningitis are: |
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Definition
Neisseria meningitis (meningiococcal) Streptococcus pneumoniae (in adults) Haemophilus influenzae |
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Term
mode of transmissin for meningitis |
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Definition
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Term
Complications of meningitis include |
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Definition
seizures, septicemia, vasomotor collapse (shock), and increased ICP |
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Term
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Definition
Headache “Worst of my life” Nuchal rigidity Irritability; Altered LOC Decreased level of consciousness Photophobia (sensitivity to light) Hypersensitivity; Seizures Positive Kernig’s sign fever signs of increased ICP positive brudzinski's sign |
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Term
When pt’s hip is flexed to a 90o angle producing pain in the hamstring area when knee is extended |
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Definition
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Term
Flexion of Both hips when the neck is flexed |
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Definition
positive brudzinski's sign |
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Term
medical diagnosis for menigitis |
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Definition
Lumbar puncture to obtain CSF for lab analysis |
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Term
medical treatment for menigitis |
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Definition
atimicrobial therapy, anticonvulsans, osmotic diuretis |
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Term
narcots are usually contraindicated for meningitis because they may |
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Definition
interfere with accurate neurological assessment |
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Term
patient's with meningits and those who interact with them should recieve the following interventions as necessarry |
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Definition
vaccination to preven pneumoccocal pneumonia and influenza treatment of respiratory and ear infections, prophylactic antibiotics for anyone in close contact with bacterial meningitis |
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Term
Inflammation of brain tissue itself. Usually caused by a virus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Fever, nuchal rigidity (stiff neck), headache, confusion, delirium, agitation, and restlessness commonly seen Comatose or exhibit aphasia, hemiparesis, facial weakness, and other alterations in motor activity |
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Term
medical treatment for encphalitis |
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Definition
enhance pt confort & increase strength, take appropriate safety precautions for possible seizure activity |
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Term
Progressive disease that affects the motor & sensory components of the peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
four types of guillain barre syndrome |
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Definition
Ascending Descending Miller Fisher syndrome Pure Motor GBS |
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Term
three stages of guillain barre syndrome |
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Definition
Initial phase Plateau phase Recovery |
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Term
pt with gullain barre syndrome often report |
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Definition
recent viral infection or vaccination |
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Term
Symmetric muscle weakness: begins in lower extremities; ascends to trunk and upper extremities |
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Definition
intial phase of guillain barre syndrome |
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Term
intial phase of guillain barre syndrome s&S |
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Definition
Visual and hearing disturbances, difficulty chewing, and lack of facial expression Mild paresthesias or anesthesia in feet and hands in a glove or stocking distribution pattern |
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Term
autonomic NS effects of the initial phase of guillain barre syndrome |
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Definition
hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, cardiac dysrhythmias, profuse sweating, paralytic ileus, and urinary retention |
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Term
any disease or malfunction of the automonic nervous system occurs frequently in pt with respiratory involvement and is potentially life-threatening – may require intubation. r/t initial phase of guillain barre syndrome |
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Definition
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Term
Remains essentially unchanged; no further deterioration, but no improvement either |
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Definition
plateau phase of guillain barre syndrome |
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Term
Remyelinization; muscle strength returns in a proximal-to-distal pattern (head to toes) |
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Definition
recovery phase of guillain barre syndrome |
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Term
medical treatment of guillain barre syndrom |
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Definition
preserve vital function (respiration), closely monitor resp status, mechanical ventilation initiated if vital capacity falls to 15mL/kg of body weight, massive doese of corticosteroids, plasmapheresis |
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Term
Progressive degenerative disorder of the basal ganglia: an eventual loss of coordination and control over involuntary motor movement |
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Definition
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Term
Idiopathic Parkinson has no cause but linked to decreased levels of _ in the basal ganglia |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia Loss of dexterity and power in affected limbs, aching, monotone voice, handwriting changes, drooling, lack of facial expression, rhythmic head nodding, reduced blinking, and slumped posture Advanced disease may have cogwheel rigidity and gait disturbances Depression common; dementia may develop |
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Term
assessment findings for parkinson's syndrome |
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Definition
Weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, sweating, dysphagia, constipation, difficulty voiding, and unusual movements |
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Term
when assessing for parkinson's syndrome note |
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Definition
Note lack of facial expression, eyes fixed in one direction, drooling, slurred speech, tearing, tremors, muscle stiffness, and poor balance and coordination |
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Term
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is also known as |
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Definition
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Term
Degenerative neurologic disease, Affects males 2-4 times as often as females and strikes most often between 40 and 70 years of age |
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Definition
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
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Term
withe ALS there is Degeneration of the anterior horn cells and the corticospinal tracts, so patient exhibits |
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Definition
upper and lower motor neuron symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
Weakness of voluntary muscles of the upper extremities, esp. the hands Difficulty swallowing and speaking with progressive weakness Respirations shallow; difficulty clearing airway of pulmonary secretions Death results from aspiration, respiratory infection, or respiratory failure |
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Term
medical treatment for ALS is |
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Definition
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Term
symptoms that may be noted when assessing ALS |
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Definition
dyspnea, dysphagia, muscle cramps, weakness, twitching, joint stiffness, muscle atrophy, abnormal reflexes and gait, and paralysis |
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Term
Inherited degenerative neurologic disorder that causes a breakdown of nerve cells due to a defect in the 4th chromosome |
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Definition
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Term
huntignton's disease usually begins in middle adulthood with |
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Definition
abnormal movement's, emotional disturbance, intellectual decline |
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Term
symptoms of huntington's diseas progress steadily, increasing disability and death in _ after symptoms begin |
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Definition
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Term
Chronic, progressive disease due to a defect at the neuromuscular junction, where impulses are transmitted to muscle tissue |
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Definition
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Term
Insufficient acetylcholine receptor sites at the motor nerve junction, resulting in decreased acetylcholine which impairs neuromuscular transmission With repeated stimulation, the muscle becomes exhausted; eventually unable to contract at all |
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Definition
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Term
if respiratory muscles are involved with myasthenia gravis death from _ occurs |
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Definition
respiratory insufficienc or arrest |
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Term
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Definition
Weakness of voluntary muscles, particularly those of chewing, swallowing, and speaking, ptosis |
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Term
myasthenia gravis show partial improvements of strength with _ and dramatic improvement of strength with the use of _ |
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Definition
rest, anticholinesterase drugs |
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Term
medical diagnosis of myasthenia gravis involves administering edrophonium, an antichlinerstrerase agent, muscle tone is markedly improved within _ of injections, persists for |
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Definition
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Term
medical treatment of myasthenia gravis |
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Definition
anticholinesterase drugs Corticosteroids Cytotoxic therapies Thymectomy Plasmapheresis |
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Term
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Definition
Neostigmine and pyridostigmine (Mestinon) |
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Term
(EMERGENCY REQUIRING MECHANICAL VENTILATION) sudden exacerbation of myasthenic symptoms |
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Definition
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Term
symptoms of myasthenic crisis |
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Definition
including difficulty swallowing and breathing, with possible resp arrest |
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Term
myasthenic crisis is precipitated by undermedicating with _ so they have too little acetylocholine |
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Definition
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Term
_ often precipitates events of myasthenic crisis |
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Definition
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Term
(EMERGENCY REQUIRING MECHANICAL VENTILATION) present with sudden, extreme weakness and respiratory impairment |
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Definition
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Term
chlinergic crisis is precipitated by overmedication with _ so they have too much acetylcholine |
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Definition
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Term
s&s of cholinergic crisis |
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Definition
Bradycardia Generalized weakness or flaccid paralysis Abdominal cramping; N/V/D Dyspnea Diaphoresis Increased respiratory secretions No improvement with administration of edrophonium (Tensilon) |
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Term
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Definition
Restlessness, apprehension Respiratory muscle weakness; apnea or respiratory arrest develops quickly Diaphoresis Dyspnea Difficulty swallowing Increased bronchial secretions Rapid improvement after edrophonium (Tensilon) is administered |
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Term
A group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by difficulties in social interaction and communication, repetitive behaviors, and stereotyped interests and activities |
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Definition
Autism Spectrum Disorders |
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Term
autism spectrum disorder includes: |
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Definition
Classic Autism or Kanner’s syndrome Asperger’s syndrome Rett’s syndrome Childhood disintegrative disorder Pervasive developmental disorder – not otherwise specified |
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Term
red flags for diagnosis of autism |
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Definition
No babbling or pointing by 12 months No two-word spontaneous phrases by 24 months Loss of previously attained social or language skills |
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Term
Developmentally inappropriate degree of gross motor activity, impulsivity, and inattention in the school and home that begins before age 7, lasts more than 6 months, and is not related to any other central nervous system illness |
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Definition
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder |
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Term
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Definition
Inattention and increased distractibility Poor impulse control Motor restlessness Often under achieves in school, although has average to above-average intellect Low self-esteem and problems with interpersonal relationships |
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Term
Manifestations of adhd: In children, at least 6 of the following (5 for adults): |
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Definition
Difficulty listening and understanding Inability to express ideas Difficulty differentiating words that look or sound alike Difficulty remembering personal information or spelling Difficulty copying forms, printing, writing Confusing left and right Difficulty concentrating and impatient |
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Term
the child with adhd Exhibits at least three signs or symptoms of inattention: |
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Definition
Easily distracted, needs calm atmosphere, fails to complete work, doesn’t appear to listen, difficulty concentrating unless one-on-one, needs information repeated |
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Term
the child with adhd Exhibits at least three signs or symptoms of impulsivity: |
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Definition
Disruptive with other children, talks out in class, extremely excitable, cannot wait turn, overly talkative, and requires a lot of supervision |
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Term
the child with adhd exhibits two signs or symptoms of hyperactivity |
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Definition
Climbs on furniture, fidgets, always “on the go,” cannot stay seated, does things in a loud and noisy way |
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Term
medical treatment for adhd involves dopaminergic agonists which include |
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Definition
Ritalin or Concerta (methylphenidate) Focalin (dexmethylphenidate) Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine) Adderall (amphetamine/dextroamphetamine) Strattera (atomoxetine) |
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Term
complementary and alternative therapy for adhd |
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Definition
Biofeedback Yoga Dietary interventions |
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Term
the nervous system is divided into two main parts |
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Definition
central nervous system, peipheral nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
the peripheral nervous system which comprises all enrves of the distal parts of the body includign both |
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Definition
spinal and cranial nerves |
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Term
helps mainatin homeostasis for the body |
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Definition
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Term
stress triggers the _ to increase the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Definition
sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
includes structural problems such as hydrocephalus |
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Definition
developmental and genetic disorders |
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Term
example of genetic disorder |
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Definition
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Term
examples of disease states that cause inflammation of meningeal tissue and brain tissue, respectively |
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Definition
meningitis and encephalitis |
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Term
the primary degenerative disease of the brian is |
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Definition
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Term
other degenerative disorders of the brain |
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Definition
MS, parkinson diseas, amyotrohpic lateral sclerosis, huntington disease |
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Term
four major components of a routine neurologic examination that provide valuable information regarding the overal integrity of the CNS |
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Definition
level of consciousness, pupillary evaluation, neuromuscular response, vital signs |
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Term
on the glasgo coma scale a normal alert person would score _, a person in a coma would score a _ or less |
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Definition
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Term
the primary function of the cranial nerve is to control |
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Definition
sensory, motor and autonmic activities of the head and neck |
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Term
to perfomr the _ have the patient stand with feet together and arms at his or her sides, instruct the patient to close his or her eyes and maintain that position |
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Definition
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Term
an invasive procedure that is used most often to detect infections and other disorders of the CNS, tumors and hydrocephalus |
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Definition
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Term
for lumbar puncture the cannula is inserted into the subarachnoid space at the level of the |
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Definition
fourth or fifth lumbar vertebra |
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Term
entering at the fourth or fifth level for lumbar puncture allows the physician to avoid traumatizing the spinal cord which ends at the level of the |
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Definition
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|
Term
normal CSF has the following characteristics |
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Definition
pressure 50-175 mm H20, ph 7,30-7.40, cleare, colorless appearance, fasting glucose 40 to 80 mg/dL, white blood cells 0-5 small lymphocytes/mm2 |
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Term
a graphic representation of electrical activity in brain cells |
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Definition
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Term
studies the response of peripheral motor and sensory nerves to electrical stimuli, needle electrodes are placed on several points over a nerve and overa the muscles supplied by the nerve |
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Definition
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Term
provides images of the cerebral carotid and vertebral blood vessels |
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Definition
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Term
cerebral angiography is the most definititive diagnostic test in the diagnosis of |
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Definition
cerebral aneurysm or congenital vasular disorders such as arteriovenous malformation |
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Term
risk of cerebral angiography |
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Definition
sever allergy to contrast media, embolus, hematoma, hemorrhage, renal toxicity, transient ischemic attack, infection and loss of consciousness |
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Term
obtained to visualize the spinal cord and vertebrae |
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Definition
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Term
the puncture for mylography is made in the lumbar area between |
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Definition
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|
Term
for a myelography and _ must be signed |
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Definition
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|
Term
before surgery, if the patient has cerebral edema _ may be ordered to help reduce cerebral swelling |
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Definition
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Term
the pt having a craniotomy is at risk for |
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Definition
ICP, CSF leak, meningitis and seizures |
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|
Term
as ICP increases the perfusion to brain tissue |
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Definition
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|
Term
the minimum perfusion pressure necessary to ensure adequte cerebral functioning |
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Definition
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|
Term
if perfusion pressure falls to _ ischemia occurs |
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Definition
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|
Term
a perfusion pressure of _ or less is incompatible with life |
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Definition
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|
Term
hypothalamic impairment results in the loss of |
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Definition
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|
Term
as ICP compresses the tissue around the hypothalamus it becomes _ and unable to regulate body tissue |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
hypertension, bradycarida, widening pulse pressure |
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|
Term
one of the mainstays of treatment for ICP |
|
Definition
IV mannitol administration |
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|
Term
hyperosmolar diuretic that draws edema fluid from the tissue spaces into the bloodstream |
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Definition
|
|