Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors? |
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Definition
- Sulfonamides
- Trimethoprim
- Pyrimethamine
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Term
| What are some examples of sulfonamides? |
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Definition
- Sulfamethoxazole (SMX)
- Sulfisoxazole
- Sulfadiazine
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Term
| What is the mechanism of action for sulfonamides? |
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Definition
PABA antimetabolites inhibit dihydropteroate synthetase
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Term
| What are sulfonamides used against? |
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Definition
Gram +
Gram -
Nocardia
Chlamydia |
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Term
| What is sulfasalazine and how does it work? |
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Definition
- Prodrug
- Bacteria breaks it to 5-aminosalicylic acid (NSAID) and sulfapyridine (RA)
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Term
| What are the toxicities of sulfonamides? |
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Definition
- Hypersensitivity rxn
- Hemolysis if G6PD deficient
- Nephrotoxicity (tubulointerstitial nephritis)
- Phtosensitivity
- Kernicterus in infants
- Displace other drugs from albumin (warfarin)
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Term
| What resistance issues do sulfonamides have? |
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Definition
- Altered enzyme (bacterial dihydropteroate synthetase
- Decreased uptake
- Increased PABA synthesis
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Term
| What is the MOA of trimethorpim? |
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Definition
| Inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase |
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Term
| Are nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can trimethoprim be used for? |
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Definition
- Used in combo w/ sulfonamides
- Ex: trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)
- Combo against UTIs
- Shigella
- Salmonella
- Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumoni
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Term
| What are the toxicities of trimethorpim? |
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Definition
- Bone marrow suppression (TMP)
- Megaloblastic anemia
- Leukopenia
- granulocytopenia
- (Treat w/ supplemental folinic acid, leucovorin rescue)
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Term
| What is the MOA of fluoroquinolones? |
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Definition
- Directly inhibits DNA
- Blocks DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II and IV)
- TOP II: Prevents relaxation of supercoils
- TOP IV: prevents sister chromatids from combining
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Term
| Are fluoroquinolones bacterostatic or bactericidal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are examples of quinolones? |
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Definition
Ciprofloxacin
Norfloxacin
Ofloxacin
sparfloxacin
moxifloxacin
gatifloxacin
enoxacin |
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Term
| What are quinolones used for? |
|
Definition
- G- rods of urinary and GI tracts
- Pseudomonas
- Neisseria
- Some G+ organisms
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|
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Term
| What are the toxicities of quinolones? |
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Definition
- Don't use with antacids
- Phototoxicity (skin rashes)
- Tendonitis/ tendon rupture in adults
- Leg cramps/myalgias in children
- NOT IN PREGNANT WOMEN AND CHILDREN (damages cartilage)
- "Lones hurt attachment to Bones"
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|
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Term
| How do bacteria get resistance to quinolones? |
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Definition
Chromosome-encoded mutation in DNA gyrase |
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Term
| What class of drug does metronidazole fall under? |
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Definition
| None, because its mechanism of action is not certain |
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Term
| Is metronidazole bacteriostatic or bactericidal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the possible MOA of metronidazole? |
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Definition
| Forms free radical toxic metabolites in bacterial cell that damage DNA |
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Term
| What is metronidazole used for? |
|
Definition
- Drug of choice for: Giardia, Trichomonas, Entamoeba
- Most anaerobe G- (bacteroides) & C. dif
- Use w/ bismuth/amoxicillin for "triple therapy" against H. Pylori
- "GET GAP on the Metro!"
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Term
| What are the side effects for metronidazole? |
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Definition
- Metallic taste
- Disulfram like effect w/ alcohol
- headache
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