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| 3 nucleotides that codes genetic information |
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| process by which a replica or an identical copy of DNA is made when a cell divides. semi-conservative |
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| process by which genetic messages in the DNA are read and copied; products are RNA molecules |
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| process by which the info in RNA builds proteins |
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unwinding of helix by helicase
strands separate exposing branch points; replication forks (bubbles)
DNA polymerases move into bubbles and catalyzes single-stranded DNA
4 dNTPs H bond to 5' P and 3' OH |
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| DNA can only read and grow in what direction? |
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Definition
read 3' to 5'
grow 5' to 3' |
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| the strand that doesn't continuously grow. Replication in short 3' to 5' segments (Okazaki fragments) joined by DNA ligase |
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| structure in the cell when protein synthesis occurs; proteins and RNA |
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| RNA that is complexed with proteins in ribosomes |
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| RNA that carries the code transcribed from DNA and directs protein synthesis |
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| RNA that transports amino acids into position for protein synthesis |
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RNA synthesized in cell nucleus; before they are modified to enable them to perform their different functions. Same process as replication except only one DNA strand is transcribed (template strand)
Begins at start site, RNA polymerase moves down DNA template strand until stop codon.
At the end, hnRNA contains matching base for each in template that codes (except for introns) |
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| nucleotide sequence in a gene that codes for part of a protein |
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| nucleotide sequence in mRNA that doesn't code for a protein; removed before mRNA proceeds to synthesis |
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| cuts out introns from nhRNAs |
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| the sequence of nucleotides, coded in triplets in mRNA that determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins |
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| converting RNA to DNA; a retrovirus (HIV) |
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| complex of proteins and DNA; visible during cell division |
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| 3 parts; 5-membered monosaccharide ring, N-containing cyclic base, and phosphate group |
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| Nucleotides are connected by what linkage? |
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| phosphate diester between -OH group on C3 and phosphate group on C5 |
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| # of H bonds between bases |
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Definition
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| cloverleaf; contains stems and loops. Top is anticodon, bottom is amino acid. H bonds between bases |
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| initiation, elongation and termination |
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| in nucleus: small ribosomal subunit is attached to mRNA,charged tRNA goes to site P, large sunubity joins complex, anticodon pairs with codon of mRNA, 2nd charged tRNA goes to site A |
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Definition
| bond forms between 2 amino acids, uncharged tRNA leaves P site, tRNA hat carries chain moves from A to P site, 3rd tRNA comes to A site, ribosome moves one codon along mRNA in 3' direction |
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| 25,000 genes, 1.5% codes for proteins, rest is regulatory sequences, introns and junk DNA |
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| ends of chromosones; repeating nucleotides that protect ends from breakage |
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| center of chromosomes; form constrictions that appear in duplicated chromosomes during cell division and are important in alignment |
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| exchange of genes during alignment; genetic recombination |
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| regulatory sequences that determine when a gene is turned on or off; promoters |
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| enzyme responsible for adding telomeres to DNA. Declines activity with aging. |
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| Errors more costly in DNA or RNA? |
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Definition
| DNA because it is passed on after replication; lots of RNA molecules |
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| eroor in base sequence that is carried along during DNA repkication |
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| causes errors in nucleotides during replication |
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| single base change (nucleotide) |
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| point; change that specifies same amino acid |
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| point; change that specifies a different amino acid |
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| point; change that produces a stop codon |
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| number of inserted or deleted bases is not a multiple of 3, so all triplets following mutation are read differently |
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| Frame; addition of one more more bases |
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| loss of one or more bases |
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| variation in DNA within a population |
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| Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) |
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| replacement of a nucleotide. Hair color to disease or death |
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| Restriction fragment length polymorphism |
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Definition
| RFLP; replacement is at restriction site |
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| combines 2 or more DNA fragments to produce a DNA. insert DNA of interest into carrier (vector, plasmid) |
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| Restriction endonucleases |
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| cut DNA (digestion) at specific sequences leaving blunt or overhanging (sticky) ends |
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| probe or detect a sequence of interest |
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| Primers and probes work because... |
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Definition
| 1. complementary strands align and bond 2. H bonds stabilize strands or sequences |
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| DNA strands align and bond |
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| allows production of DNA to be controlled |
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| Why is a heat stable polymerase needed in PCR? |
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Definition
| DNA would denature (unwind) if it was heat sensitive |
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Definition
| vector and the DNA of interest are cut to generate compatible ends and a DNA ligase seals them together (recombiant DNA). Then put in cells to make DNA of interest. |
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| probe (detects DNA of interest) |
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| restrictive endonuclease recognizes and cuts VNTRs, separate by size by electrophoresis, and transfer fragments onto a membrane and prove to identify VNTRs |
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| application of technology to manage and analyze biological data |
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| study of whole sets of genes and their functions |
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| uses recombiant DNA to alter a genome. Plants enhance ability of crops. |
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| alteration of an individual's genetic makeup with a goal of preventing a disease |
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| study of genetic variation that gives rise to differing response to drugs |
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| collections of thousands of microscopic spots of DNA fragments placed onto a surface. Detect changes in expression of genes, identify polymorphisms |
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