Term
|
Definition
DNA replication
RNA synthesis (transcription)
RNA Processing
Ribosome assembly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein synthesis (Translation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nuclear envelope (Outer membrane and inner membrane)
Nuclear lamina
Nuclear pore complexes
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two phospholipid bilayers, outer and inner. Outer is continuous with ER. Enriched in membrane proteins that bind cytoskeleton. Inner membrane has proteins that bind nuclear lamina. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Between inner and outer membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Site of ribosome assembly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large macromolecular complex that differs significantly from typical membrane channels and transporters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fibrous mesh that provides structural support. Composed of lamins and other proteins |
|
|
Term
| Principles of Genetics deduced by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specify type of trait, one gene copy that is inherited from a parent, but can have many per gene. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic composition of an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physical appearance of an organism (classic). Now modified to include biochemical/physiological components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Identified by T.H. Morgan, =number of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carriers of genes and consist of long DNA molecules and associated proteins. Genetically, contain a linear array of genes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA - RNA - Protein
Replication - Transcription - Translation
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Synthesis of duplicate copy of DNA molecule by DNA polymerase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Synthesis of an RNA molecule from DNA template by RNA polymerase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Synthesis of polypeptide from mRNA template via ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| Semiconservative Replication |
|
Definition
| Each new DNA helix has one daughter strand and one parent strand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of RNA from DNA template |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RNA molecules that serve as template for protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adaptor molecules that align amino acids along mRNA template |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA that lies in long sequences between genes in a chromosome. Does not contain exons or introns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eukaryotic chromosomal DNA complexed with proteins. Typically twice as much protein as DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Basic structural unit of chromatin. DNA + Histones
TWO EACH OF H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 with 147bp DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Includes nucleosome, 166BP plus Histone H1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decondensed, transcriptionally active |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Highly condensed, transcriptionally inactive. Two types (Constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin) |
|
|
Term
| Constitutive Heterochromatin |
|
Definition
| DNA that is not transcribed in any cell type (ends of centromeres) |
|
|
Term
| Facultative Heterochromatin |
|
Definition
| DNA that is not transcribed in the cell being examined, but may be transcribed in other cell types ie. Neurons that are terminally differentiated will not express the DNA expressed in epithelial cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specialized regions that plays role in distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells during mitosis. Associated with cohesins. Also associated with repetitive DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein structure associated with centromere to which microtubules bind. Act as molecular motor during mitosis and meiosis; not associated with centromere during interphase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Histone variant that seems to mark whether a particular region is the centromere. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sequences at end of chromosome. Critical role in maintaining stability. Protects end from deterioration and fusion with neighboring chromosomes. Shorterwith each cell division. Repeats of simple-sequence DNA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Synthesize DNA in the 5' to 3' direction, but read in the 3' to 5' direction. Need a 3'OH primer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Allowed visualization of the two replication forks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA synthesized in continuous manner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Synthesized discontinuously in the direction opposite the movement of the replication fork |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small pieces of newly synthesized DNA that are joined to form intact new DNA strand in lagging strand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme that synthesizes short frags of RNA complementary to lagging strand template. Does not require 3'OH, but makes one available for DNA polymerase. Synthesizes in 5' to 3' direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exonuclease that hydrolyzes primer in 5' to 3' direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Replication Factor C
loads onto primer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PCNA (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Catalyze reversible breakage and rejoining of DNA strands to relieve torsion caused by unwinding DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where DNA synthesis is initiated. Replication fork can proceed in both directions at each Ori site |
|
|
Term
| Autonomosly Replicating Sequence |
|
Definition
| Ori in yeast. Recognized by Origin Recognition Comlex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unique enzyme that maintains the ends of eu. chormosomes and possesses reverse transcriptase activity. Telomerase has proper primer and can provide the 3'OH necessary to replicate ends. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA polymerase that uses an RNA template |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA sequences that serve as binding sites for the protein complex that initiates the DNA replication process. Multiple for eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
| Changes in gene expression involved in: |
|
Definition
| Response of cells to environment (heat shock proteins), Regulation of cell cycle (Rb or p53), Distinct activities of differentiated cell types/coordination of different cell types in tissues/organs (apolipoprotein A-1 gene affects blood LDL/HDL levels), Cell differentiation/development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Legs out of head, homeobox gene mutation. Embryonic origin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA sequence with which RNA polymerase and other proteins interact to initiate and regulate transcription of gene |
|
|
Term
| In eukaryotes (not prokaryotes)... |
|
Definition
| Chromatin, compartmentalization and extensive RNA processing regarding transcription |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RNA pol II = mRNA
RNA pol I = rRNA
RNA pol III = tRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short sequence of DNA base pairs within a gene promoter for which a specific functional property with respect to regulation of transcription of that particular gene has been ascertained |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also called promoter and enhancer elements: Regulate the expression of genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genes transcribed by RNA pol II contain these, including the TATA box, and an initiator (Inr) sequence |
|
|
Term
| Upstream Promoter and Enhancers |
|
Definition
| Transcriptional regulatory sequences that can be located at a significant distance from the promoter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gene that is easily visualized once translated. Place upstream of the gene whose expression you actually want to visualize. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins required for RNA pol II to initiate transcription. General and gene-specific |
|
|
Term
| General transcription factors |
|
Definition
| involved in transcription from all polymerase II promoters. Constitute part of basic/general transcription |
|
|
Term
| Gene-Specific Transcription Factors |
|
Definition
| Not part of general machinery, bind to promoter and enhancer elements of one or a small number of different genes. Direct activity of the general transcription factors |
|
|
Term
Initiation of Transcription
|
|
Definition
1. TATA binding-protein binds to the TATA box.
2. TBP-associated factors (TAFs) are polypeptides associated with TBP in the general transcription factor, TFIID
3. TFIIB subsequently associated with TFID at core promoter, followed by recruitment of RNA pol II and TFIIF
4. Bind two additional factors, TFIIE and TFIIH |
|
|
Term
| Proximal and Distal Promoter Elements |
|
Definition
| Binding sites for gene specific transcription factors that modulate activity of basal transcription complex |
|
|
Term
| The combination of TFs interacting at promoter/enhancer elements specifies... |
|
Definition
| amount of transcriptional INITIATION |
|
|
Term
| DNA-affinity Chromatography |
|
Definition
| method used to isolate TFs based on their binding to specific DNA sequences in order to study them further |
|
|
Term
| Steroid Hormone Receptors |
|
Definition
| Contain zinc finger domain, TFs that regulate gene transcription in response to hormones such as estrogen and testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Helix-turn-helix morphology, play critical roles in the regulation of gene expression during embryonic development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Don't Be Farting Every Hour |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decreased production of hemoglobin = anemia/fatigue. Mutation in TATA box of beta-globulin gene. Mutation is protective in malaria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mutation in the MECP2 Transcription factor. Causes severe autism at 18 months, X-linked. Only females develop it. |
|
|
Term
| Transcriptional Activators |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transcriptional Repressors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transcription factors contain separate... |
|
Definition
| DNA binding and activation/repression domains. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large protein complex that plays a key role in linking the general transcription factors to the gene-specific TFs that regulate gene expression. Binds to pre-initiation complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Allows TFs bound to distant enhancer to interact with proteins in the RNA pol Mediator complex at core promoter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Binds to distal DNA sequence element and the mediator |
|
|
Term
| Initiation of Transcription |
|
Definition
| Requires release of RNA polymerase by the ation of the phosphorylation and helicase activities of TFIIH |
|
|
Term
| RNa Pol II is phosphorylated to be activated on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Helicase and Initiation of Transcription |
|
Definition
| Must break H bonds in dsDNA for RNA POL II to start working |
|
|
Term
| Pos-Initiation of Transcription |
|
Definition
| Mediator and associated pre-initiation complex proteins are released from Pol II |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modify chromatin structure |
|
|
Term
| Transcriptional activators associate with... |
|
Definition
| Mediators, General transcription factors and co-activators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Serve to modify chromatin structure into non-permissive state |
|
|
Term
| Actively transcribed chromatin exists in... |
|
Definition
| Relatively decondensed state |
|
|
Term
| Chromatin Remodelling Factors |
|
Definition
| Can increase availability of a gene to be transcribed, by displacing the nucleosom |
|
|
Term
| Post-Transcriptional Processing |
|
Definition
| Occurs in the nucleus: 5' 7 methylguanosine cap, 3' polyadenylation, excising introns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extends half life, makes 5' end look like 3' end so mRNA will not be degraded by exonucleases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protects mRNA molecule from enzymatic degradation in cytoplasm, aids in transcription termination, helps export of mRNA from nucleus |
|
|
Term
| How Polyadenylation Occurs |
|
Definition
1. Sequence recognition
2. Endonuclease cleavage
3. Addition of polyA tail |
|
|
Term
| mRNA Splicing occurs by... |
|
Definition
1. Pre-mRNA cleaved at 5' splice site located at 5' end of intron.
2. 5' splice site binds to branch point close to the 3' end of intron forming lariat like structure
3. Intron cleaved at 3' end and two exons are ligated together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large complexes composed of RNAs and proteins. Located in nucleus, and thus a type of ribonucleoprotein complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nuclear RNAs that range in size and form RNA component of spliceosome. U1,2,4,5,6
-Assist in targeting snRNPs to splice junctions through hybridization to RNA transcript
-catalytic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles are complexes of snRNAs with proteins that play central roles in the splicing process.
Multiple snRNPs form spliceosome |
|
|
Term
| Assembly of Spliceosome and Splicing |
|
Definition
1a. U1 and snRNP bind to 5' end of intron
1b. U2 snRNP binding to the branch point near 3' end of intron
1c. Formation of lariatlike intermediate with the addition of U4/6 and U5 and the removal of U4 and U1
2. Excision of intron and ligation of exons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Serine-arginine-rich. Bind to exon sequences to direct where spliceosome will form. Differ in two different cell types for which specific mRNA is alternatively spliced. Assist in determining final "choice" of exons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gene containing four sets of alternative exons, with a single exon from each set being incorporated into the spliced mRNA. Surface adhesion molecule important in allowing neurons to find target cells... allows cell to read 'road markers' as it finds target muscle cell to innervate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5.8S, 18S and 28S. Make up majority of cellular RNA. Products of one unique gene that is present in multiple repeated copies within genome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Assembled within nucleolus. Process utilizes rRNAs synthesized in the nucleus and ribosomal proteins imported from cytoplasm. Pre-ribosomal particles are exported back out to become mature 40 and 60S ribosomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Synthesized by RNA pol III. Possess anticodons, approximately 70 to 80 nucleotides long and have cloerleaf structures. Specific pairing function |
|
|
Term
| Attachment of amino acids to tRNA |
|
Definition
| Activate amino acid to be AMP-nt, then add activated amino acid to tRNA = aminoacyl tRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Matching correct amino acid to tRNA and correct codon anticodon pairing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Multiple translation start sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eukaryotes, single translation start site |
|
|
Term
| Three stages of translation... |
|
Definition
| Initiation, Elongation, Termination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In prokaryotes, recognition sequence for the start of translation |
|
|
Term
| Eukaryotic translation initiation |
|
Definition
| Small subunit of ribosome finds 5'm7G cap, and then lides along mRNA until it finds start codon (AUG = Met) |
|
|
Term
| Step 1 of Translation initiation |
|
Definition
| 40S ribosomal subunit, various initiation factors (eiFs) and charged tRNA (Met) assemble |
|
|
Term
| Step 2 of initiation of translation |
|
Definition
| 40S/tRNA^met/eIF complex meets up with mature mRNA and binds to the 5'm7G cap |
|
|
Term
| Step 3 of initiation of translation |
|
Definition
| entire complex slides along until finds AUG start codon |
|
|
Term
| Step 4 of initiation of translation |
|
Definition
| Entire complex dissociates from start site except tRNA and 40S, and 60S subunit attaches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bends DNA in initiation of translation. Attaches to DNA and to initiation complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amino acids arrive with specificity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tRNA kicked out when it dissociates from its amino acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complexed to GTPs escort aminoacyl tRNA to ribosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of ribosome as translation occurs |
|
|
Term
| Termination of Translation |
|
Definition
| Requires a stop signal sequence that does not code for an amino acid, but instead brings in a release factor (UAA). Ribosomal subunits disocciate and peptide is freed |
|
|
Term
| Post-Translational Modification |
|
Definition
| Folding, cleavage, covalent modification or chemical modification, phosphorylation, glycosylation (addition of carbohydrates) or lipid addition (formation of lipoproteins) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Determined at level of transcription and translation, as well as how quickly a protein is degraded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Marker in eukaryotic cells that targets cytosolic and nuclear proteins for rapid proteolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large multi-subunit protease complexes that recognize and degrade polyubiquinated proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins that facilitate folding/translocation of other proteins, but don't provide specific info on what 2ary or 3ary structure should be. Keeps protein unfolded, keeps protein from incorrectly associating with other proteins, bind hydrophobic aas, highly energy-dependent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Associate with endoplasmic reticulum on cytosolic side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Begin and finish on free ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Begin on free ribosomes, finish on membrane boun d ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleus, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Peroxisomes = CYTOSOLIC |
|
|
Term
| Please Save Every Last Newt |
|
Definition
| Plasma Membrane, Secretory vesicles, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Lysosomes, Nucleus = SECRETORY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Replace cytosolic chaperones when protein transported into matrix from cytosol |
|
|
Term
| Organelles of Secretory Pathway |
|
Definition
| Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi, Lysosomes and associated vesicles |
|
|
Term
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
|
Definition
| Entry point for most proteins into secretory pathway |
|
|
Term
| Co-translational Transport |
|
Definition
| Translocation into ER during synthesis on membrane-bound ribosomes. |
|
|
Term
| Cotranslational Targeting |
|
Definition
| Occurs via SRPs (Small recognition particles) that recognize and bind to signal sequences as they emerge on the N terminus during translation. SRP binds to its receptor on ER/translocon, and ribosome sits overy translocon channel and polypep chain is synthesized into channel. Signal peptidase cleaves SRP and signal sequence off growing polypep chain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins on membrane of endoplasmic reticulum that bind signal recognition particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Composed of small cytoplasmic non-coding RNA and proteins (ribonucleoprotein particle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membrane channel composed of SEC proteins through which polypeptide chains with a signal sequence are transported into ER |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecular chaperones resident in the ER, helps passage into ER lumen and ER membranes |
|
|
Term
| Integral Membrane Proteins |
|
Definition
| Go through sec pathway, have hydrophobic regions so they can be embedded into membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In protein embedding with N-terminus facing ER lumen, this is in polypep being synthesized. Stops the polypeptide from entering the lumen, and changes the conformation of the translocon channel so that the channel opens, releasing the polypep into the ER membrane. Is cleaved afterwards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| New phospolipids are added only to the cytoplasmic-facing leaflet of the ER phospholipid bilayer membrane, so in order to get to other leaflet, must use this enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sorts and processes proteins. Cis face - closest to ER where prots enter, trans face = where prots eit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ER-Golgi Intermediate Compartment (between ER and Golgi) |
|
|
Term
| Mannose-6-Phosphate Glycosylation |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrate addition within Golgi that targets proteins for lysozomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Get correct protein to correct vesicle
2. Get vesicle to correct destination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Allow for ensuring vesicles reach correct targets within the cell following exit from Golgi |
|
|
Term
| Different types of Vesicle Protein Coats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all biological polymers at acidic pH. Sorted through clathrin-coated vesicle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located on outside of pit, is attached to receptor for mannose-6-phosphate through an adaptor. Since mannose-6-phosphate is only on lysosomal proteins, clathrin associates with only lysosomal vesicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In lysosomes, and active at acidic pH that is maintained within lysosome, but not in rest of cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Absence of lysosomal enzyme resulting in bloated lysosomes causing progressive decline in mental and motor functions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In regards to vesicle fusion. Lots of steps, lots of proteins and variations. Very complicated, very regulated. Has to do with docking, tethering and finally fusion via Rab-GTP. Vsnare and Tsnare (vesicle vs. target) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large, composed of 30 - 50 different nucleoporins. Critical for selective transport of large macromolecules and RNPs. Millions of macromolecules/minute/cell nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Nuclear Localization Signals |
|
Definition
| Specific amino acid sequences that are recognized by transport receptors and direct the transport of proteins from the cytoplasm through nuclear pore complex into nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Nuclear Transport Receptor |
|
Definition
| proteins that recognize NLSs and mediate transport. Karyopherins are one family, with importins being the karyopherins that direct import. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small GTP-binding protein that regulates movement of importin/cargo complex into nucleus. Unequal distribution of Ran-GTP across nuclear envelope drives importin movement across pore. Interaction between this and protein on nuclear side of pore causes release of target protein. Ran/GTP and importin are recycled out to cytosol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific sequences that target proteins for export from nucleas. Interact with exportins (also karyopherins) and similar mechanism to importin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exported in association with two proteins known as mRNA exporter complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associated with exportin-1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trnasported out as snRNAs, assembled into snRNPs in cytoplasm, and trnasported back in afterwards |
|
|
Term
| Restrictions on mobility of plasma membrane proteins |
|
Definition
| Unable to flip back and forth between leaflets without special enzyme, association with cytoskeletal elements may anchor reions of membrans, separation of basolateral and apical domains of some polarized epithelial cells by specialized cell junctions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prevent ingress of molecules between cells and separates apical and basal domains which have different functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inside: K
Outside, Na and Cl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two molecules transported in same direction across membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules transported in opposite direction across membrane |
|
|
Term
| Glucose Transport in Epithelial Cells |
|
Definition
| Uses transporter, Glucose comes in along with Na+ concentration gradient (symport) - Glucose/sodium symporter in apical domain. Sodium potassium pump gets rid of excess Na+, passive glucose transporter to get glucose from basolateral domain into bloodstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. LDL plus receptor taken from plasma membrane in clathrin coated pit.
2. receptor is taken back to PM in non-clathrin coated pit
3. LDL complex travels in endosome, which will fuse with lysosome (lysosome degrades LDL, and cholesterol is byproduct) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ex. Bacteria taken up by macrophage in phagosome which fuses with lysosome to be broken down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fills spaces between cells, binds cells and tissues together. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Associated with epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscle, adipose and nerve tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bone, tendon, cartilage and loose connective tissue underlying skin composed principally of ECM. Responsible for form and function of the tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Main structural protein in cells |
|
|
Term
| Calcium Phosphate Crystals |
|
Definition
| Collagenous ECM in bone becomes hardened by deposition of these |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ECM is collagenous, but has other polysaccharide substances that form a fim, compression-resistant gel. Chondrocytes are cartilage cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gel-like polysaccharide component of ECM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single most abundant protein in animal tissues, form straight fibrils and fibres as well as networks. Formed in cell in precursor form, becomes mature in ECM. Basic repeating aa sequence is triple repeat of Gly-X-Y, where x is usually proline and Y is usually hydroxyproline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abundant in organs that regularly stretch and then return to original shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Principal protein of elastic fibres, cross-linked into a network by covalent bonds formed between the side chains of lysine residues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gel-forming, frequently sulfated polysaccharides of the ECM that consist of repeating units of disaccharides. Negative charge binds positively charged ions, attracting and trapping water to create 'gel'. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins linked to GAGs and consist of up to 95% carbohydrate by weight. Large aggregates interact with hyaluronan backbone to form bottle brush structures in ECM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Major proteoglycan of cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Responsible for linking components of the matrix to one another and to the surfaces of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Principal adhesion protein of connective tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| principal adhesion protein of the basal lamina |
|
|
Term
| The 3 Binding domains on Adhesion Proteins |
|
Definition
| 1 for binding between other proteoglycans, one for cell binding and one for collagen binding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Major cell surface proteins (integral plasma membrane proteins) responsible for the attachment of cells to the ECM. Serve as anchors for the cytoskeleton. -bound on both sides of cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of cell-matrix junction that attaches a variety of cells, including fibroblasts, to ECM. Link to the actin filaments of cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell-matrix junction, mediates epithelial cell attachments at which a specific integrin interacts with laminin in the basal lamina. Link to intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region of cell-cell adhesion at which the actin cytoskeleton is anchored to the plasma membrane. Uses Cadherins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Region of adhesion between epithelial cells at which intermediate filaments are anchored to the plasma membrane. Uses Cadherins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Link to cytoskeleton intracellulary, and with eachother etracellularly. Involved in both adherens junctions and desmosomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Provides a seal between cells. In an epithelial cell, forms a barrier between fluid compartments and separates the apical and basal domains of the plasma membrane. Tight junctions are also the basis of the blood brain barrier in the CNS. MINIMAL ADHESIVE STRENGTH. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tight junctions exist as these: a region of cell-cell contact containing a tight junction, an adherens junction and a desmosome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Open channels through the plasma membrane that provide direct connections between the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. Allow for open flow of ions and other small molecules. Provides a mechanism to couple metabolic and electric activity of adjacent cells (ex. rhythmic contraction of cardiac muscle cells, peristalsis of digestive tract vis smooth muscle contraction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cylinder formed by six connexins in the plasma membrane. Form gap junctions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consists of a network of protein filaments extending throughout the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "microfilaments", smallest, concentrated below plasma membrane, mainly contractile fibres involved in cell movement/dynamic structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Medium sized, provide tensile strength for resisting shearing forces. Very diverse and not well-conserved between species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have a hollow core, 'tracks' for intracellular movement of organelles/vesicles; rapid assembly/disassembly; establish cell processes, cell movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thin, flexible filaments ~7nm in diameter. Consists of head to tail arrangement of monomers known as globular actin. Can assemble in vitro, but is tightly controlled in vivo. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reversible, G actin has tight binding sites that mediate head-to-tail interactions with other G monomers. Slight helical structure. Head-to-tail, not charge, polarity. |
|
|
Term
| Polarity of Actin filaments |
|
Definition
| Pointed end is slow monomer addition (cowgirl), barbed ind is rapid monomer addition (missionary) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Associates with F-actin filaments more readily than ADP-actin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dissociates from filaments more readily than ATP-actin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| equilibrium between net loss of polymers from pointed end and net addition of monomers to barbed end. Constant length. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Capping proteins for stabilization, crosslinking to another F-actin by cross-linking proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cuts actin filament, promotes rapid dissociation |
|
|
Term
| Polymerizing and De-polymerizing Proteins |
|
Definition
| With ATP-ADP exchange protein, can modify structure of actin filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attaches near barbed ends of actin to branch the filament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cross-linked filaments in orthogonal arrays to form meshworks with the properties of semisolid gels (ex. under plasma membrane of RBC) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Actin filaments crosslinked into closely packed arrays (ex. Microvilli) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small rigid proteins that force the cross-linked actin filaments to align closely with one another in bundles (alpha actinin/fimbrin) |
|
|
Term
| Actin-Filament forming proteins |
|
Definition
| have two flexible arms that interact with separate actin filaments (filamen, 'ker-plunk') |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. extension of leading edge
2. attachment to substration
3. Retraction of trailing edge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interacts with actin, and acts as molecular motor. Converts chemical energy in the form of ATP into mechanical energy, thus generating force and movement. Interactions of this with actin are responsible for contractile properties of cells (ie. skeletal muscle contraction). Several different forms, all are polarized with structurally and functional distinct head and tail regions. Head = hinge to pull actin filaments in ratchet-like mechanism, sliding two filaments over eachother |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Division of a cell into two cells following mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structure of actin and myosin that forms beneath the plasma membrane during mitosis and mediates cytokinesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Not directly involved in cell movements, largely play structural role by providing mechanical strength, six different groups, STRONGEST. Keratins, Vimentins, Desmin, Neurofilament (NF) Proteins, Nuclear lamins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of intermediate filament protein of epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Major intermediate filaments of many types of mature neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form nuclear lamina of nucleus |
|
|
Term
| intermediate filament structure |
|
Definition
| Central alpha helical rod, with variability in head and tail domains. These may attach to either nuclear envelope, plasma membrane, actin, microtubules. Phosphorylation can lead to dissassembly. Form dimers of dimers (tetramers, not polar) and eventually tetramers into protofilaments and 8 protofilaments assemble into rod-like structure. (32 filaments per rod) |
|
|
Term
| Mice and keratin deletion |
|
Definition
| Excessive skin blistering. Important to consider tissues subject to mechanical stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein that polymerizes to form microtubules. One beta and one alpha isoform conbine to form tubulin dimers which polymerize to form microtubules consisting of 13 linear protofilaments. Have polarity (Alpha = plus end, fast: Beta = minus end, slow) |
|
|
Term
| Dynamic instability with Microtubules |
|
Definition
| Dependent on rate of GTP hydroolysis at plus end of microtubule, and free pool of GTP bound tubulin dimers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| experimental drugs that bind tubulin and inhibit microtubule polymerization thereby blocking mitosis (cancer therapy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used in cancer chemotherapy, inhibit microtubule polymerization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stabilizes microtubules, rather than inhbiting them, but blocks cell division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Microtubule-organizing center. Anchoring point of minus end of microtubules. Initiates microtubule growth (*326 ParM/R) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pair of each in centrosomes, anchored within amorphous pericentriolar material. Consist of 9 triplets of microtubules in a ring structure, but is pericentriolar material that initiates microtubule assembly |
|
|
Term
| Microtubule Motor Proteins |
|
Definition
| Movement of things in a cell as an ATP-dependent process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motor proteins that move along microtubules both toward the plus and minus end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Motor proteins that move along microtubules only toward minus end |
|
|
Term
| Head Regions of motor proteins |
|
Definition
| interacts with microtubule and determins whether movement in plus or minus direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interacts with cargo/organelle. Specificity determined by aa sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only travels in plus direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Microtubule-based projections of plasma membrane that are responsible for movement of a variety of eukaryotic cells |
|
|
