Term
| What affect plant structure? |
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Definition
Environment and genes
Environment causes short term change whereas plants that survive certain extremes pass on genes to following generations, leading in evolution |
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Term
| WWhat are the three basic organs of all plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the six characteristics of monocots? |
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Definition
| one cotyledon, parallel veins, complex vascular bundles, fibrous root system, floral parts in multiples of three |
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Term
| What are six characteristics of dicots? |
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Definition
| two cotyledons, netlike veins, ring vascular bundles, taproot, floral parts in multiples of four or five |
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Term
| When did plants move onto land, and how did this movement affect the evolution of the plant? |
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Definition
| Ordovician - plants evolved two systems to obtain nutrients, a root system and a shoot system to obtain CO2 and sun from the air and nutrients from the soil. |
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Term
| What are the functions of the taproot? |
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Definition
| Anchors plant into the ground, stores food reserves |
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Term
| What does the term "adventitious" mean in reference to plants? |
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Definition
| Roots that grow above ground. |
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Term
| Explain the stem structure |
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Definition
| system of nodes and internodes, with auxillary buds, and a terminal bud |
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Term
| What is an auxillary bud? A terminal bud? |
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Definition
Auxillary - in the corner between a leaf and stem, usually doesn't grow unless leaf is damaged.
Terminal bud - apex bud that contains developing nodes and leaves to extend into a longer stem |
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Term
| Explain the evolutionary reasoning behind apical dominance |
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Definition
| By placing the terminal bud at the top of the plant, all the nutrients are focused in the area of most potential growth through exposure to sunlight. |
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Term
| What happens if the terminal bud is damaged? |
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Definition
| Auxillary buds break dormancy. |
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Term
| Explain the structure of the leaf system |
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Definition
| Blade, stalk, and petiole |
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Term
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Definition
| It joines the leaf blade to the stem |
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Term
| What are the three tissue systems that compose plant organs? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| epidermis of plant, adds protection, aids in water retention |
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Term
| Describe the tissue that composes most of the dead xylem tissue |
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Definition
| Tracheids and vessel elements - functionally mature, IE, dead but serve as channels for water transport |
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Term
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Definition
| neither dermal or vascular, serves a multitude of purposes, contains all sorts of plant cells and also acts as filler |
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Term
| When do paleobiologists feel cyanobacteria covered the earth? |
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Definition
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Term
| When did the first complex organisms move onto land? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four main types of land plants? |
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Definition
| bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms |
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Term
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Definition
| mosses, lack vascular tissue, evolved approx 400-500 million years ago |
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Term
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Definition
| ferns, no seeds, have vascular tissue, evolved approx 300-400 million years ago |
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Term
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Definition
| seed bearing, conifers, first evolved 360 million years ago |
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Term
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Definition
| flowering plants, vascular, evolved approx 100-200 million years ago |
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Term
| what characterises plants from other eukaryotes? |
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Definition
| photosynthetic autotrophs with cell walls made of cellulose and the presence of chlorophylls a and b |
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Term
| what are the two key features land plants share with green algae? |
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Definition
| plasma membrane structure and peroxisomes |
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Term
| what is the closest relative algae of plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the rosette cellulos-synthesizing complex? |
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Definition
| arrays of proteins that synthesize the cellulose microfibrils of the cell walls |
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Term
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Definition
| contain enzymes that tie land plants to their closest algal relative |
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Term
| what are the five differences between land plants and their closest algal relative |
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Definition
| apical meristems, multicellular embryos, walled spores, multicellular gametangia, other |
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Term
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Definition
| located in root, that contains cells that differentiate into all parts of the plant |
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Term
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Definition
| land plants have embryos that act similarly to embryos of eutherian mammals |
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Term
| explain alteration of generations |
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Definition
| the altering between a gameotophyte phase and a sporophyte phase common to all land plants |
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Term
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Definition
| polymer that makes the walls of land plant spores very tough |
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Term
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Definition
| the multicellular organs producing the gametes |
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Term
| describe the movement from water to land |
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Definition
| deep water --> shallower water --> land |
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Term
| what are the three phyla of bryophytes? |
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Definition
| mosses, liverowrts, and hornworts |
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Term
| describe the bryophyte life cycle? |
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Definition
| spends most of its time in the gametophyte period where flagellated sperm move towards eggs; sporophytic phase - spores live off gametophytes, smallest and simplest spores, release slowly to take advantage of wind spread |
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Term
| how did mosses evolve into vascular plants? |
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Definition
| branched, independent sporophytes evolved during the silurian period into protracheophytes and polysporangiophtes |
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Term
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Definition
| lacked vascular tissue, but did not depend on gametophytes for development |
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Term
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Definition
| mosses having multiple spores which helped offspring production, and thus survived |
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Term
| describe the pteridophyte life cycle |
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Definition
| sporophyte dominated, most are homosporous, but those that returned to water are heterosporous |
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Term
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Definition
| emerged in the carboniferous period, grew to tall heights, then went extinct when weather cooled except for low-lying brushy areas |
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Term
| when did the first traces of agriculture appear? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the evolution of gametophytes? |
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Definition
| the seeds developed from spores encapsulated, which survived and evolved |
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Term
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Definition
| egg/sperm spore covered in integumentary tissue supplying nutrients |
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Term
| why is pollen significant? |
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Definition
| it eliminated the need for water for fertilization; microspore male spores pollinate female ovules |
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Term
| what is the name of the extinct group that gymnosperms and angiosperms evolved from |
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Definition
| progymnosperms - some had seeds |
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Term
| describe gymnosperm seeds |
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Definition
| lack outer covering, seeds develop on the outer layer of specialized leaves called sporophylls |
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Term
| what are the four phyla of gymnosperms? |
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Definition
| ginkgo, cycads, gnetophytes, conifers |
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Term
| what did the evolution of seed plants add? |
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Definition
| increasing dominance of sporophyte generation, advent of the seed as a resistant, dispersible stage in the life cycle, and the evolution of pollen as an airborne agent |
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Term
| explain the life cycle of the pine |
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Definition
| sporophyte, sporangia packed on scalelike sporophylls that generate the female gametophytes (small pollen cones produce male gametophytes), the scales of the leaves intermingle and create a new pine. |
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Term
| how many angiosperm species exist? |
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Definition
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Term
| what evolution innovations contributed most to the enormous success of angiosperms? |
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Definition
| refinements in vascular tissue, especially xylem, played a role in the spread of angiosperms into diverse territories |
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Term
| explain the structure of a flower |
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Definition
| sepals are the buds, petals attract bugs with pollen, stamens have the male reproductive organs, carpels have the female, style leads the female gametes to the stigma where its pollenated with male gametes |
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Term
| describe the life cycle of the angiosperm |
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Definition
| pollenation occurs, egg and sperm fused to create a 2n zygote, another sperm fuses with the 2n zygote to create a 3n central cell which leads to seed formation |
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Term
| why are angiosperms important in the geologic time scale? |
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Definition
| they marked the end of the mesozoic and the beginning of the cenozoic era |
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Term
| describe the interplay between plants and animals during the cenozoic era |
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Definition
| plants on floor got eaten, leading to evolution of taller plants, leading to evolution of taller/flying organisms, etc. |
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Term
| What are five major characteristics of animals? |
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Definition
1. ingestion
2. lack cell walls
3. nervous & muscle tissue
4. reproduce sexually
5. transformation of a zygote to an animal |
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Term
| describe the development process of zygote |
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Definition
| zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrulation, glastrula, (larva), (metamorphosis) |
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Term
| what and when did the ancestor of the animal exist? (during which era)? |
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Definition
| 700 million years ago, precambrian, flagellated protist |
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Term
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Definition
| a branch defined by certain body-plan features shared by the animals |
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Term
| what were the first "animals" |
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Definition
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Term
| which type of symmetry evolved from the other? |
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Definition
| radial evolved into bilateral |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency for sensory equipment to be on the anterior end |
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Term
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Definition
ectoderm - over covering, some nervous system
endoderm - lining of digestive tract, liver, lungs
mesoderm - muscles and most other organs |
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Term
| what is the significance of the coelom/pseudocoloem? |
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Definition
| rotifers/roundworms, coelem is a body cavity filled with fluids that cusions the suspended organs, somewhat of a hydrostatic skeleton, allows the organs to move independently of the outer lining. |
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Term
| what are the types of cleavage? |
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Definition
spiral v. radial
spiral is more uneven than radial, which is more symmetrical |
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Term
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Definition
have a lophophore - crown of tentacles
have characteristics in common with deuterosomes and protostomes, so classfication is difficult |
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Term
| what is the name of the period allocated to animals discovered in the late precambrian period? |
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Definition
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Term
| what were most of the ediacaran animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| what three factors sparked the cambrian explosion? |
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Definition
1. ecological causes - predator-prey relationships
2. geologic causes - greater atmospheric oxygen
3. genetic causes - variations on the Hox gene |
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Term
| what characteristics define the cniderians? |
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Definition
| radial symmetry, gastrovascular covities, cnidocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that defend and capture prey for a cniderian |
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Term
| what is the difference between a polyp and a medusa? |
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Definition
polyp - stalk down, tentacles out
medusa - free floating, tentacles down, sac up |
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Term
| describe the structure of a cniderian |
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Definition
| cells of the epidermis and the gastrodermis have bundles of microfilaments arranged into contractile fiber. |
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Term
| what are the three classes of the phylum cnidaria; what is the difference between these three |
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Definition
hydrozoa - most marine, most polyp
scyphozoa - all marine, free-swimming medusas, polyp stage reduced
anthozoa - all marine, no medusa stage |
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Term
| which class of cnideria most closely resembles plants in reproduction cycles |
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Definition
| hydrozoans - alternate between polyp and medusa |
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