Term
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Definition
Outer coverings of the brain (three conective tissue membranes - pia, arachnoid (important clinical significance), & dura
-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reabsorbed by the arachnoid villi projecting into dural sinuses |
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Term
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Definition
Outer coverings of the brain (three conective tissue membranes - pia, arachnoid (important clinical significance), & dura
-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reabsorbed by the arachnoid villi projecting into dural sinuses |
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Term
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Definition
regulates vital visceral functions, including BP, blood flow, body temp, respiration, digestion, metabolism, & elimination
sympathetic NS & Parasympathetic NS |
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Term
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Definition
traumatic brain injury
-loss of consciousness> 6hrs
Glasgow coma scale: mild=13-15, severe=3-8
1.Focal (one area): contusions & hemorrhages - epidural (skull fracture), subdural (alcoholics fall, slow/venous bleed), intracerebral(stroke, bullet wound,quick bleed) hematomas
2.Diffuse (multifocal-all over) is different |
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Term
| Diffuse (multifocal) brain injury |
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Definition
-shearing injury: primary process
Concussion: <6 hrs LOC
-Post-concussive syndrome
DAI (diffuse axonal injury):
-can cause intracranial preasure-causes symptoms
-CT scan can be neg. |
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Term
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Definition
othopedic injury, herniated disc, SC tumor, bony mets or degenerative disorder
-symptoms same regardles of type of injury (effects from tumor at T12 = effects from lesion at T12) |
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Term
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Definition
spinal cord down: disrupt communication between muscle & all neural input from spinal cord reflexes, including stretch reflex (which maintains muscle tone)
vs.
upper motoneuron lesions: involve brain sturctures though which coticospinal or sorticobulbar tracts descend, or spinal cord? |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal mass of tissue in which the growth exceeds & is uncoordinate with that of the normal tissue |
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Term
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Definition
1.anencephaly (neuro tube doesn't close in skull, no brain) not consistent with life
2.microcephaly (small head)-Trisomys, Fetal Alcholol syndrome
3.Craniosynostosis- when skull sutchers fuse to soon) |
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Term
| congenitial malformations- Neural tube defects (NTD) |
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Definition
1.myelomengingocele- mynengies hurnia out w/nerves b/c neuro tube doesn't close as should (orthopedic problem), nerve damage at all levels below the lesion, wheel chair bound
2.meningocele- bone is open but nerves don't stick out, only cerbal fluid sticks out (b/c lamina of vertebret never closes properly)
3.spina bifida occulta (hiden)- tuff of hair in lower lombar region
-associated= Arnold-Chari I & II(benign) malformations: part of the brain projects below foramen magnum- blocks cerebral flow (get a shunt or decompresion to relieve brain preasure)-results in hydrocephalus
-most isolated defects, small portion specific cause(amniotic band, chr. disorder)
-associated w/maternal folic acid deficiency which is exacberated by genetic variant of methylentetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) that impairs metabolism of homocysteine to methionine |
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Term
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Definition
| brain infection (herpes, HIV, Wesnt nile, Eastern equine)- sever chnages in LOC |
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Term
| Multiple Sclerosis (digenerative disorder if the CNS) |
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Definition
-demyelination of white matter of brain & spinal cord around ventricles= sclerotic plaque
-"autoimmune response to a latent virus in a genetically susceptible individual" (snesitized T cells atack myelin protein. Susceptibility genes thought to be on HLA(human leukocyte antigen) locus) |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder characterized by inability to cordinate voluntary muscle movement |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal touch sensation: numbness, tingling, "pins & needles" often in abscence of external stimlui |
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Term
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Definition
destruction of cerebral cortex & basal ganglia (adult onset)
-autosomal dominant, trinucleotide repeat expansion results in abnormal Huntigton protein that causes nerve damage
-rapid,jerky involuntary movements |
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Term
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Definition
degeneration of basal ganglil cells, with dec. in secretion of dopamine (no cognitive or sensory problems)
-chronic progresice- no facial feed back, tremors |
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Term
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Definition
| degeneration of neurons in the brain (cortical atropy, characterized by slender gyri & prominent suici) |
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Term
| DAT ("dementia of Alzheimer type") |
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Definition
-in cortical (frontal & temporal lobes)
-senile plaques &neurofbrillatory tangles= degenerated nerve endings & axons, abnormal amyloid deposition
-loss of apoliprotein E (apoE), binds beta-amyloid
deterministic mutations (earlier AD onset):
-amyloid precuror protein (APP)
-Presenilin-1 & 2 (PS1, PS2)
suscepitibility polymorphisms:mutation in ApoE gene |
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Term
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Definition
adequacy of cerebral oxygenation depends on:
1.cerebral blood volume (CBV)
2.cerebral blood flow (CBF)
3.cerebral perusion preassure (CPP)
AUTOREGULATION-compensatory alteration in diameter if intracranial vessels to maintain contant blood flow during changes of BPP (need a certain CBF & body will regulate) |
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Term
| Intracranial Preassure (ICP) |
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Definition
balance between ICP & CPP is issue: if ICP>CPP (hypoxia & hypercapnia (inc. CO2) cause brain dmage)-eventual loss of autoregulation
-IICP (inc.) reseult from edema, excess CSF, hemorrhage, neoplasia:
signs- bradycardia, widened pulse pressure, respritory changes (depression) CO2-vasodialator-inc. ICP
-neurological damage-abnormal posturing |
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Term
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Definition
| dec. blood suply to body organ or part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction or blood vesel |
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Term
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Definition
| localized tissue death in groups of cells or part of structure or organ in response to tissue disease or injury |
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Term
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Definition
dmage to flow or absorption of CSF. Direct pressure causes degeneration of surrounding white matter, resulting in neuro changes such as declining memory and cognitive ability.May cause coma if IICP is acute.
-also effects empotions, motor function, & sensation (tactile& vision)
Congenital: generally noncommunicating from structual lesions (eyes-setting sun)
Aquired: generally communicating (CSF communicating through out whold system), in adults w/subarachnoid hemmorrhage, minigitis(cause archanoid villi to scar, won't suck up CSF), head injury, neoplasia |
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Term
| Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) |
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Definition
type hich occurs in adults over 60 & in as many as 10% of all patients w/symptoms of dementia
-accumulation of CSF, which cause ventricles of brain to enlarge, but may not cause IICP
-1/4 mill Americans w/some of same sympotms as dementia, Alsheimer's or Parkinson's may actually have NPH |
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Term
| Types of Comas(altered arousal) |
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Definition
-from traumatic brain injury (TBI)
1."cerebral death"-irreversible coma: homeostatic mechanisms intact but unarousable,no seep-awake cycles, eyes remain closed
2.PVS (persistant vegitative state): sleep/awake cycles return, BP, resp. &digestion normalize, eyes may opem but no tracking or sustained fixation
3. MCS "minimally conscios state": inconistent evidence of perception & communication, eyes open sometimes |
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Term
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Definition
-abscence of all responses to light, noise, motion, & pain
-absence of all reflexes unless of spinal cord origin
-absence of spontaneous resp of vent.
-absence of cranial nerve reflexes
-EEG isoelectirc |
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