Term
neoplasia:
poorly differentiated neoplasms vs.
well differentiated noeplasms |
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Definition
new growth
poorley differentiated (highly malignant= worst canacer)- mutation occurs early in differentiation process
well differentiated (low-malignancy)-mutation occurs late in differnetiation process |
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Term
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Definition
invlove the lymph system and circulation in the blood
ex. leukemia |
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Term
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Definition
| malignant tumor of epitehlial tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| malignant tumor of connective tissue (mesenchymal) ex. cartilage, bone |
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Definition
| malignant tumor of embryonic tissue |
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Definition
"poorley differnetiated" lack differential characteristics of the parent cell to carying degrees
Grade IV tumor = very anaplastic (in MALIGNANT cells) |
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Term
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Definition
normal aging of cells
MALIGNANT cells escape senescence/apoptosis (programed cell death) |
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Definition
| enlarged, odly shaped nuclei (in MALIGNANT cells) |
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Term
| Tumor cell markers (in MALIGNANT cells) |
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Definition
Antigens(protein that emits immune resonse):
- CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen)secreted by solid tumors
-alpha fetoprotein by liver
-CA125 + PSA (prostate specific antigen) by ovarian and testicular tumors
Ectopic hormones (from a place it's not supose to come from):
-human chorionic gonadotropin (many tumors)
-ACTH or ADH from lung tumors (produce fluid inbalance) |
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Term
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Definition
| beginign of a blood suply |
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Term
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Definition
disease that spreds via the blood
in METASTASIS (tumor spread) transport to a second site via lymphatic spread:
-tumor emboli shed in lymphatic system, & ultimately in venous circulation |
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Term
| Mutational routes toward cancer development |
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Definition
1.loss of tumor suppressor gene
2.stimulation of an oncogene (causes the initial & continuing conversion of noramal cells into cancer cells) |
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Term
| tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) |
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Definition
normal function: to code for proteins that inhibit cell growth (inhibit growth factors, cell proliferation, entry into nucleus)
-behave as recessives (only one normal allele needed for tumor suppression to continue)
ex. -Rb (retinoblastoma) gene - w/ mutation inc. suceptibility to develop aggressive tumors that grow rapidly
-APC gene- colon cancer
-tp53 gene (common cancer gene)
-BRCA1, BRCA2 (inherited germline mutation) inc. risk of breast & ovarian cancer (5% realted to) |
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Term
| "two-hit" hypothesis of carcinogenesis (heritable cancers) |
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Definition
first "hit" or mutation occurs in germ cells before conception (present in genetic material of all cells). Cancer develops in one or several somatic cell lines that undergo a second mutation
-sporadic retinoblastoma (Rb gene): random mutation on one set (allele) of the chromosome
-familial retinoblastoma: get one hit b/c mom or dad had Rb gene mutaion in gamet |
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Term
| "two-hit" hypothesis of carcinogenesis (heritable cancers) |
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Definition
first "hit" or mutation occurs in germ cells before conception (present in genetic material of all cells). Cancer develops in one or several somatic cell lines that undergo a second mutation
-sporadic retinoblastoma (Rb gene): random mutation on one set (allele) of the chromosome
-familial retinoblastoma: get one hit b/c mom or dad had Rb gene mutaion in gamet |
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Term
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Definition
encode proteins that control cell growth & differentiation. When mutated become oncogenes & lead to deregulation of cell cycle control 7 tumor fomration
-behave dominant (one defective allele predisposes cell to tumor formation
-mostly somatic mutations (not germline) |
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Term
| c-onc (cellular oncogenes) |
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Definition
mutated proto-oncogenes (c-onc activation not understood)
one ex. Philadelphia chromosome: translocation between Chr 9 & 22 activates abl proto-oncogene = produces chronic myelogenous leukemia |
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Term
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Definition
encode proteins that control cell growth & differentiation. When mutated become oncogenes & lead to deregulation of cell cycle control 7 tumor fomration
-behave dominant (one defective allele predisposes cell to tumor formation
-mostly somatic mutations (not germline) |
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Term
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Definition
certain viruses (especially retro viruses) are capable of transforming host into a trumor-producing cell:
by 1. insertional mutagenesis: viral genes insert into host gene, stimulate cell transfomation
2. act bu causing impaired immune serveillance
ex. 1.Hep B&C -hepatocellular cancer
2.HPV, herpes semplex virus II- cervical cancer |
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Term
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Definition
1. Monoclonal (from one mutation in cell)
2. INITIATION- exposed to carcinogenic agents, tobacco)- PROMOTION-(chemicals & growth factors cause unregulated, accelerated growth;alcohol, xenobiotics (toxic chemicals in diet))-PROGRESSIN-(tumor cells acquire malignant phenotypic chenages & promote invasiveness, metastic competencem autotonomous growth) |
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Term
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Definition
anorexia-cachexia syndrom:
weight loss & wasting of body fat & muscle tissue; profound weakness, anorexia, anemia
-from actions of cytokines (early satiety-feel full-, suppression of enzymes for fatty acid metabolism, pro-inflammatory) & hypermetabolic state |
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Term
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Definition
manifestations in sites not directly affected by the disese:
1. endocrine: tumor secretes ectopic hormone, ex. ACTH/cortisol-cushing's
2. neurological:antibodies produced-damage normal neural tissue or C/PNS
3. hematologic- DIC, thrmbocytopenia (low platelets). polycythemia
4. Renal- immune complexes settle in glomerular basement membrane (renal failure) |
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Term
| Biological response modifiers (cancer drugs) |
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Definition
1. cytokines-interferons (antiviral, inhibition of tumor growth, enhances NK(natural killer) cell activity); inc. in NK = good outcome
2. Monoclonal Antibodies: single, pure antibody (ex. IgG) created to combat specific antigen
3. Hematopoietic growth factors (G-CSF, Epo, thrmobopoietin): inc. RBC's |
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Term
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Definition
1. anti-estrogen drug tamoxifen (estrogen-receptor + breast tumors)
2. femal hormones (Lupron) for prostate cancer
3. corticosteroids: inhibit imune response & inflamation |
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Term
| Anti-angiogenesis agents (cnacer drug) |
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Definition
| inhibits formation of blood vesel tumor |
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Term
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Definition
1. Gleevec-target protein produced by Philadelphia chr in CML (shuts down cell division in leukemic cells & stimulates apoptosis)
2. Proteasome inhbitors: induces apoptosis in cancer cell line (for mulitple myeloma?) |
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