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NT
NT terms
188
Bible Studies
Graduate
05/01/2016

Additional Bible Studies Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Acts of Paual and Thecla
Definition
second century Christian novel recounting the story of Thecla, a young Greek woman who follows Paul’s exhortations to celibacy and who proclaims the gospel.  The work describes Paul as small, bald, bowl edged, with a prominent nose and single eyebrow, but noble and full of grace, a description that influenced later representations.  
Term
adiaphora
Definition

 

  • In Stoic moral philosophy, things outside of moral law (what doesn’t matter)

 

Term
agraphone
Definition
Sayings attributed to Jesus that aren’t in the gospels. Some appear in Paul’s letters.
Term
Albert Scheitzer
Definition

 

  • started the “New” quest for the Historical Jesus by showing that in the Old quest model, scholars typically “looked into a mirror” to explain Jesus.

 

Term
adrapodestei
Definition
people who engage in human trafficking; often translated “slave traders” though it can mean kidnappers, 1 Tim 1:10 references selling kidnapped people into slavery
Term
antichrist
Definition

 

  • Used in 1, 2 John to describe those who are “against the Christ”, meaning false teachers who deny that Jesus is “the Christ” , and that “the antichrist” is coming

 

Term
apocalypse
Definition

 

  • a disclosure of knowledge, i.e., a lifting of the veil or revelation.

 

Term
apollos
Definition
Jewish Christ-follower, friend of Paul, evangelist, Acts 18 and 26, helped Paul understand things. Ethiopian? Didn’t know about John’s baptism, Priscilla and Aquilla corrects him.  1 Corinthians 1:13. Native of Alexandria.
Term
apollonius of tyna
Definition

 

  • Another figure supposedly from the early third century CE (end of 01-02-2016) lecture who had a miraculous birth. He had disciples and performed miracles. Also given over to Roman authorities for judgment.

 

Term
apologia
Definition
self-justification, defense (some might suggest the Book of Acts is an apologia for Paul)
Term
apostle
Definition
one sent delegate/representative. In the NT, an apostle was one who had known Jesus and could witness to the resurrection (Acts 1:21-22) or a messenger called by God (1 Cor 12:28;Rom 16:7)
Term
apostolic decree
Definition

 

  • Letter in Acts 15. James, brother of Jesus and leader of Jerusalem Church, enjoins Gentile members to “abstain from what has been sacrificed to idols and from blood and from what has been strangled.”  (Last of these meaning animals slaughtered in a way that blood does not drain out).  Also forbids porneia. Exempts Gentile Christ-believers from most Jewish dietary laws but requires them observe 2 fundamental food taboos. Paul allows them to eat food/meat served in homes of nonbelievers if source unknown. More inclusive.

 

Term
arian(ism)
Definition

 

  • Originated with the Alexandrian priest Arius (250-336), Arianism maintained that the Son of God was created by the Father and was therefore neither coeternal with the Father, nor consubstantial. It denied the divinity of Christ.

 

Term
arsenokoites
Definition

 

  • Greek for a man engaging in same-sex sexual activity, included in list of wrongdoers who Paul says will not be included in kingdom of God in 1 Corinthians 6:9, and the list of the lawless in 1 Timothy 1:9 Arsenotokoi: doesn’t show up prior to paul (its a neologism) “menbedder” a man that goes to ben (with whom?) The church will come to interpret it as homosexuals. Pimps who facilitate men having sex? Male prostitutes? Luther took it as masturbators.

 

Term
bar
Definition

 

  • Aram. “son of” (Barabbas = son of the father- Jesus son of the father and Jesus son of the Father) Son of the Father: pays the penalty for the son of the father. Christologically sound, historically not.

 

Term
bar kochba
Definition
leader of the unsuccessful second Jewish revolt against Rome; he was proclaimed the messiah by Rabbi Akiva.
Term
Capernaum
Definition

 

  • Means “Nathan’s village”, town close to where Andrew, Peter, James and John and the tax collector Matthew are called by Jesus, became center of Jesus’ public ministry. Nathan was a prophet in the court of King David according to the book of Samuel, who announced God’s covenant with David.

 

Term
Charis
Definition
gk for grace, conveys god's favor
Term

Chrestos


Chrestus

Definition

 

  • mentioned in Tacitus as possibly cause for expelling the Jews from Rome, could refer to Jesus. This expulsion may explain Jewish persecution/discipline of Christ-followers, because they feared the new religious movement would attract Roman attention and oppression. 

Name of the person causing the Jewish disruption and leading to their expulsion from Rome in AD 49, according to Suetonius in Lives of the Twelve Caesars. May be Suetonius’s version of “Christ;” If so, the Roman historian may be suggesting that the proclamation of the crucified messiah created such tension within Rome’s Jewish community that imperial action was needed. However “Chrestus” can be a Greek name, and so Suetonius’s reference could be to a local teacher.

Term
Christ-hymn
Definition

 Philippians 2:5-11, credal statement in which Jesus is described as equal with God, takes form of slave, died, and then was exalted in heaven. Could be interpreted as a metamorphic myth revealing Christ’s identity. Emphasizes Christ’s self-humbling.

 

Term
christology
Definition

 

  • Statements concerning the nature of Christ, or the study of the meaning of Jesus’ role, character, and purpose

 

Term
Circumlocutions
Definition

 

  • The Word is a Jewish circumlocution for God. Relevant in the preamble to John. “And the Word was God”

    • A rhetorical device that can be defined as an ambiguous or paradoxical way of expressing things, ideas or views. In fact, when somebody wants to stay ambiguous about anything and he does not want to say something directly, it means he is using circumlocution.

 

Term
claudius
Definition

 

  • roman Emperor who according to Acts 18:2, expelled the Jews from the city of Rome. May have expelled them because of early Christian movement (“Chrestos”, as mentioned by Tacitus), and led to Roman church being Gentile dominated, thus causing the later questions and factionalism that Paul addresses in Romans.

 

Term
codex
Definition

 

  • Western text, reduces the role of women; expands references to “Lord Jesus” and heightened attention to Spirit; exaggerates anti-Jewish references

 

Term
codex d
Definition

 

  • version of Acts that is 10% longer than the versions of the Alexandrian grouping. Frequently reduces the role of women. Expands references to “Lord Jesus” or “Jesus Christ” or “Christ Jesus” to the fullest form, “Lord Jesus Christ.” Heightened attention to the Spirit (pneumatology). Exaggerating anti-Jewish references (heightens Jewish responsibility for Jesus’ death, Jewish opposition to the apostles, and the Gentile identity of the church). Finally, it heightens the presentation of the church as a distinct, superior, and universal community marked by doing God’s will--emphasize the church’s commission to preach the gospel.

 

Term
consolation letter
Definition

 

  • genre that Paul’s letter to the Philippians looks like, a letter written to console people who were in grief by explaining them rational reasons why they should not be grieving.  Paul flipped the situation and sent it to the Philippians, who were concerned about him being in prison, to explain why they shouldn’t be grieving for him. Another example is a letter from Seneca to his mother to console her when he was exiled.

 

Term
credal statements
Definition
Statements that reflected faith “formulas”, beliefs about Christology, soteriology, etc. Ex: Christ hymn in Phil. 2:5-11, others in Corinthians, Colossians, 1 Timothy
Term
creshe
Definition
a model or tableau representing the scene of Jesus Christ's birth, nativity scene. Created by St. Francis of Assisi
Term
criterion of multiple attestation
Definition
One of the criteria of authenticity used by people engaged in historical Jesus scholarship. The idea is that if two or more independent sources attest to an event or saying, the more likely that event or saying can be associated with the historical Jesus.
Term
deacon
Definition
Gk diakonos, meaning servant, used for “church official, esp in 1. Timothy 3.8-13
Term
dead sea scrolls
Definition
a group of manuscripts found in 1947 near the Dead Sea at Wadi Qumran in Israel. Probably the library of a settlement, possibly Essenes, until Roman description in 68 CE. The library, in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek, included biblical books older than those previously known, and other scrolls of biblical interpretation and of regulations for the life of the community.
Term
demoniac
Definition
one possessed by demons
Term
deuterocanonical books
Definition
is a term used since the 16th century in the Catholic Church and Eastern Christianity to describe certain books and passages of the Christian Old Testament that are not part of the current Hebrew Bible.
Term
diakonos
Definition
Deacon, describes Phoebe in Romans 16:1, masculine form of deacon, indicating authoritative role.
Term
diapheronta
Definition
Stoic moral philosophy, things that matter (virtue, justice, integrity, etc), used in Philippians 1:10, he says he prays that they will be able to determine “what matters (NRSV: what is best)”
Term
diaspora
Definition
dispersion/displacement of Jews after Babylonian invasion
○ Gk for “dispersion,” a term that refers to the dispersion of Jews away from Palestine into other parts of the Mediterranean, beginning with the Babylonian conquests in the sixth century BCE
Term
diatesseron
Definition
Tatian produced work to combine the four Gospels into one.
Term
diatribe
Definition
a dialogue with an imagined opponent, A rhetorical device that Paul often uses to argue against another’s position. In this device, the speaker assumes the position with which he or she disagrees in order to undermine that position.
Term
didache
Definition
Greek for “teaching”. A late first or early second century Christian writing which contains material similar to the canonical Gospels (esp. Matthew)
○ The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles (Didachē means "Teaching") is a brief anonymous early Christian treatise, dated by most modern scholars to the first century.The first line of this treatise is "Teaching of the Lord to the Gentiles (or Nations) by the Twelve Apostles".
Term
ditheism
Definition
jesus equals with God, two dieties
Term
divine name
Definition
name of god is ineffable - unknowable - unpronounceable - so YHWH
Term
docetism
Definition
dualist Christian belief system that says that Jesus was only divine, not human. Ex. Christ Hymn in Philippians 2:5-11, credal statement in which Jesus is described as equal with God, takes form of slave, died, and then was exalted in heaven. Could be interpreted as a metamorphic myth revealing Christ’s identity. Emphasizes Christ’s self-humbling.
Term
doulos
Definition
slave, ex Romans 6:19-20 where Paul tells people to be slaves to righteousness versus slaves to sin as they were previously. Mary uses it to refer to herself in her magnificat in Luke.
Term
doxology
Definition
“words of glory, added on to parts of the Pauline epistles. ”
Term
ecclesia
Definition
Greek for “assembly”, used in other ancient literature to refer to many kinds of assemblies, often civic gatherings. Translated as church. Used only in Matthew.
Term
exegesis
Definition
What you read into text .. read into the text what you think it says
Term
eirene
Definition
Gk. for peace- not simply an attitude but the wholeness in the recipient’s relationship with God.
Term
eli, eli lema sabachthani
Definition
In Matthew and Mark, Aramaic for “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” Jesus’ last words on the cross. Suggests a lament song, in which there is a continuity in which Jesus knows the end.
Term
elizabeth
Definition
The mother of John the Baptist who continues the Old Testament motif of infertility followed by the birth of a special son.
Term
enoch
Definition
1st century Jewish text that has apocalyptic visions similar to Revelation
Term
episcopos
Definition
bishop
Term
epistle
Definition
letter for be read aloud in worship/church gathering
Term
eschatology
Definition
From Gk eschaton for “last things”, a concern with the end time or the end of the world
Term
essenes
Definition
A Jewish movement that Josephus lists alongside the Pharisees and the Sadducees as one of the three major “philosophies.” This group practiced an ascetic way of life and has been associated with the Dead Sea Scrolls.
Term
euangelion
Definition
“good tidings”, translated as “gospel” through the German “godspiel”, or “good story.” Originally used as a positive report from battle. Good message. Good that happens through something. Usually good things government does for you. Church adopted or co-opted the secular term into a religious message. became the good news of Jesus. So, What really is the good news?
Term
ezra
Definition
1st century Jewish text that has apocalyptic visions similar to Revelation
Term
gamatria
Definition
Jewish numerology - found in Matthew, Revelation.
○ (Hebrew Numerology): Letters double as numbers, with each constantan having a numerical value. In the genealogy of Matthew, the number 14: sum of the consonants in David (D+V+D= 4+6+4=14).
Term
garasa
Definition
The town of: Gerasa (in Mark and Luke, less geographically accurate- no cliff, no water) vs. Gadarenes (Mt more accurate; 6 miles to the sea). - where the Gerasene Demoniac is excised. Gerast means to cast out, so Gerasa= “excorcismville
Term
geresenes
Definition
Exorcism-ville”, a place mentioned in the Synoptic gospels where Jesus drives out demons from a man.
Term
get
Definition
a certificate of divorce
Term
glossolalia
Definition
speaking in tongues, in Corinthians. This is also considered heavenly language
○ speaking in syllables that do not have semantic coherence, the type of speaking Paul describes that is found today in Pentecostal and other charismatic congregations
Term
gnosticism
Definition
gnosis means knowledge, movement within Jesus movement that understood salvation as coming from secret knowledge as opposed to faith or the Cross, with Old Testament God being a demiurge (evil, deceitful God). Regards spirit and matter as opposites.
Term
gospel of james
Definition
pseudepigraphical gospel that fills in details about Mary's ancestry and life
Term
gospel of thomas
Definition
gnostic text, lots of sayings of jesus, sayings collections were common for famous people in the ancient world; written in coptic
Term
halakha
Definition
the legal portions of the Talmud, or any legal ruling according to Jewish law (JANT 586)
Term
hapax legomena
Definition
half of which are typical of 2nd C writers. Pastorals have 175, Lacking Paul’s “in Christ”+“therefore”
Term
hapto
Definition
Greek word for “caught up” where rapture comes from
Term
haustafel
Definition
Patriarchal system where authority resides with father/husband/master over children/wife/slaves.
Term
haustafeln
Definition
German for “house-code”, refers to household codes in the New Testament - Eph. 5:22-6:9, Colossians 3:18-4. Underlying household code in 1 Timothy, Titus, and 1 Peter
Term
henotheism
Definition
following only one god while acknowledging the existence/possible existence of other gods
○ (one god worshipped among other gods) Awareness and even belief in gods other than God, but belief that OUR God is the best. This would have been the belief of 1st century Jews. (Deut 6) Different from monotheism because the singularity of god is not a big deal, yet.
Term
hidden transcript
Definition
possible unstated, underlying meaning to something so as to hide it to outsiders. Possibly could apply to Paul’s advice to obey authorities in Romans.
Term
hislasterion
Definition
“Sacrifice of atonement” this word is translated to denote Jesus’ faithfulness in his crucifixion alludes to Lev 16 which describes ancient Israel’s sacrificial system in relation to the Day of Atonement. The same image of hilasterion or mercy seat appears in 4 Macc 17:21-22 to refer to the deaths of martyrs at the hands of the Seleucid tyrant Antiochus Epiphanes. Their spilled blood is said to have atoning properties.
Term
hodos
Definition
Greek for “way” (I.e., odometer). Community in John’s gospel are followers of the Way.
Term
hossannah
Definition
From Hebrew for “Hoshia Na”, or “Save us Now”, free us from oppression
Term
immaculate conception
Definition
Roman Catholic doctrine that proclaims Mary the mother of Jesus was conceived without the taint of original sin.
Term
incarnation
Definition
Latin “enfleshment” from “carne”; taking on human flesh by the divine; “in the flesh”
Term
infancy gospel of thomas
Definition
Second-century apocryphal work that attempts to fill the gaps about Jesus’ childhood.
Term
intercalation
Definition
when one story is framed in another story which often points to how to read the larger story. Aka “sandwiching in between.” Ex’s in the NT: hemorrhaging woman (in larger story about Jaris’ sick daughter), John the Baptist’s execution within larger passion narrative of the gospels.
○ -narrative framing/ sandwiching; you interpret one in light of the other
Term
interpolation
Definition
passages added into text by a scribe, possibly including Paul’s statement about women not speaking in Church (1 Corinthians 14:34-35) because it directly contradicts Paul’s instruction about how women should speak in church when prophesying (they should keep their head covered) 1 Corinthians 11:5. Another example is second ending of Mark. Another example is the passage in Josephus in the Testimonium Flaviuamum about Jesus being the Messiah.
Term
ioudaios
Definition
Gk translated “Jew” or “Judean.” “Jew” designates anyone adhering to Judaism, specifically laws, customs, rituals, or beliefs associated with the God of Israel. “Judean” refers in a strictly political or geographical sense to one living in or originating from the region of Judea. Scholarly conflict regarding the merits of each of these translations (religious focus vs. ethnic or geographical designation) (JANT 524-526)
Term
israel
Definition
to wrestle with God
Term
isogesis
Definition
to read in what you think the text says
Term
Jerusalem council
Definition
Described in Acts Ch. 15, a meeting between the leaders of the early church in Jerusalem to decide whether Gentile Christ-followers should follow Mosaic law. The conclusion was no, but they should still follow certain restrictions.
Term
jesus
Definition
from Heb. “Hosea/Hosannah” root=referring to salvation; anointed one;
Term
jesus movement
Definition
better way to describe what was going on in that period of time when the text was written, as opposed to “Christianity.”
Term
john chrysotom
Definition
archbishop of constantinople, early church father, known for preaching and public speaking, [there are 3 people that think philippians is a letter of consolation, and chrysostom is one of them, great preacher (from sawanee guest lecture)]
Term
josephus
Definition
First century Jewish historian who wrote in Greek under the patronage of the Flavian emperors; his works, Antiquities of the Jews, Life, Jewish War, and Against Apion, provide data about Jewish life in Judea and Galilee.
○ Hellenistic Jewish historian ca. 37-100 CE; wrote The Antiquities of the Jews (ca. 90 CE).. The Testimonium Flavianum is the part of the Antiquities that talks about Jesus. Also wrote The Jewish War about the rebellion against Rome in 66-70 CE. One of the most important sources describing Jewish worldview in the 1st century. (But also can’t always be trusted b/c his works were saved by the church.)
○ **in Armenian and Arabic translations of this, there is no messianic confession of Jesus’ identity...
Term
judaizing
Definition
When people who are not Jewish do rituals or follow traditions associated with Judaism
Term
junia
Definition
Found in Romans 16:7, female apostle and the word used for her is the masculine form of apostle (therefore there’s no way that you can say paul didn’t mean for her to be on the same level as the other apostles)
Term
justification
Definition
right relationship with God, you recognize Christ as savior; God through God's own fidelity to human beings, through the Christ and his faithfulness has defeated the power of sin; For Paul we are justified but not yet saved.
Term
kenosis
Definition
The word "kenosis" (kenosis) has entered theological language from Philippians 2:7, where in the sentence he "emptied himself" the Greek verb is ekenosen. "Kenosis," then, the corresponding noun, has become a technical term for the humiliation of the Son in the incarnation, but in recent years has acquired a still more technical sense, i.e. of the Son's emptying Himself of certain attributes, especially of omniscience.
Term
legalism
Definition
always a negative term, it’s the idea that one is made righteous through specific acts
Term
lestai
Definition
Greek for “bandit”, people who had been dispossessed in ancient Israel/Palestine around 1st century CE and had turned to banditry or insurrection. Jesus is said to have been crucified next to two “lestai” in the Synoptics.
Term
levirate marriage
Definition
if a husband dies the widow is obliged to marry the husband’s brother if he has one
Term
liberation theological approach
Definition
scripture understands salvation not in terms of redemption from personal sins but in terms of reforming social structures of justice for the poor and oppressed; scripture expresses a preferential option for the poor.
Term
literary type scene
Definition
recurring scene in a certain genre of literature where what makes it enjoyable or meaningful is the variation on the theme. common in Hebrew Scriptures as well as pagan literature. Biblical examples: women who give miraculous births after an angel appears to them, stories about two sons where the older one is a bad example (Jacob/Esau, Cain/Abel, Prodigal Son).
Term
“Luke’s Travel Narrative”
Definition
one third of luke, 10 chapters it takes Jesus to get from Galilee to Jerusalem.
Term
magi
Definition
plural – Persian astrologer – not a king – magi is plural more than one but we don’t how many - magis is singular - psalm 72. Magi were frequently women.
○ funny characters in Matthew 2; NOT kings. We don’t know how many magi in the story; we know there were 3 gifts. limitedness of pagan wisdom; Persian astrologers, their science can get them as far as Jerusalem, but they need the Bible to show them where Jesus is (must have theological knowledge)Psalms 72:10-11 for the names, used as a template.
Term
magnificate
Definition
Mary’s hymn in Luke 1; it has been interpreted as a call for and celebration of liberation from oppression. Refers to self as doule, slave.; Based on the Song of Hannah in 2 Samuel, similar with words of liberation and hope for the people of Israel.
Term
malakos
Definition
Greek for “soft man”, possibly meaning effeminate men who transgressed gender norms, included in list of wrongdoers who Paul says will not be included in kingdom of God in 1 Corinthians 6:9
Term
marcion
Definition
Late first century Christ-follower who taught that the Jewish scriptures were the reflection of a bad, evil God (demiurge) and the Jewish scriptures were to be ignored. Paul and also the gospels could have been writing in ways that connect to Jewish scripture, esp. Matthew, to correct Marcionism and show how the scriptures and the Jewish Scriptures pointed to Jesus and revealed the same God.
○ Second-century thinker who believed that the god of the Old Testament and the god of the New testament are distinct from one another. His legacy remains among people who speak (erroneously) of the Old Testament God of wrath vs. the New Testament God of love. - ???
○ circa 85-160- wanted to get rid of the Old Testament, get rid of ritual. Generally, describe the God of the OT is a lesser deity, Jesus comes to save us from him. Tertullian wrote a whole treatise against Marcion. God in OT is an angry, vengeful God, the NT is a qualifiedly better deity that Jesus embodies. Not process theology that God can change.
Term
mark
Definition
gospel written first, according to 2 source hypothesis
Term
martin luther
Definition
1483-159, initially a roman-catholic priest, has become disillusioned by church practices such as recognizing the authority of post-canonical doctrines rather than the teachings of scripture alone, priestly celibacy, and selling indulgences that assured the remission of post-mortem punishments for sins. His 95 theses formed the basis of the Protestant Reformation.
○ Had a specific reading of Galatians which was hugely influential, including anti-Jewish influences
Term
mrtyrion
Definition
Greek for witnessing, which was the duty of the apostles. Origin of the term “martyr”
Term
martyrdom of polycarp
Definition
promotes an ideology of martyrdom, by delineating the proper conduct of a martyr. Written by Apostolic Fathers. One of the very few writings from the actual age of the persecutions
Term
mathetes
Definition
disciple in greek
Term
mathetria
Definition
female form of disciple, used to describe Tabitha/dorcas in acts 9:36
Term
memra
Definition
Aramaic for “word” - translated in Greek as “logos”. Shows up in Targum (Aramaic version of the Hebrew Scriptures).
Term
metamorphosis
Definition
transformation of gods into humans, animals, other things in Greek mythology. Metamorphic language also occurs in 2nd Temple Jewish texts referring to Satan taking the form of an angel. Wasn’t about what changed, but what stayed the same - the god changed form, but did not take on qualities of the thing itself. The Christ-hymn in Philippians 2:5-11 looks like metamorphic myth.
Term
midrash
Definition
Hebrew for “to inquire”, interpretation to draw out meanings from a text beyond the plain sense
○ Jewish interpretation of Scripture that draws out meanings from the text beyond the plain sense. Some scholars have associated this kind of interpretation with the New Testament parables.
Term
misanthropic
Definition
disliking humankind and avoiding human society.
Term
mishnah
Definition
1st jewish law code
Term
multiple attestation
Definition
One of the criteria of authenticity used by people engaged in historical Jesus scholarship. The idea is that if two or more independent sources attest to an event or saying, the more likely that event or saying can be associated with the historical Jesus.
Term
nag hammadi
Definition
translated by the lesser known john robinson, creates a distinction between historical critical and canonical criticism because it's a buncha new stuff (combined with dead sea scrolls)
Term
nero
Definition
Roman emperor from 54-68 who committed suicide and there were rumors he had come back. Referred to with the gematria “666” in Revelation.
Term
New Perspective on Paul
Definition
Over roughly the last 4 decades or so, there has emerged very different understanding not just of Paul but of the judaism out of which paul emerged. Very common to read Paul against Judaism before this. In the 1960s there has been a great shift to understand Paul as more of a Jew engaged in discussion. Nuanced understanding of what his polemical statements about judaism to see what they actually mean. Pauline Christianity as opposed to Judaism. New perspective tries to understand what it meant to be a jew in that time and make sense of Paul's statements. Paul within Judaism not Paul against Judaism.
Term
nomos
Definition
law
Term
ochlos
Definition
crowd or multitude
Term
onesimus
Definition
enslaved person in philemon
Term
orthopraxy
Definition
correct understandings and practices in the church
Term
ossuary
Definition
relic, bones are put in a bone box, we have bone boxes of maybe James.
Term
parable
Definition
Metaphor or simile. Used by Jesus in his teachings to describe the kingdom of God, salvation in the NT.
○ Short story meant to indict (comes from the Gk “para” and “bole”--to throw together, to see something alongside another; NOT ALLEGORY, but invites the reader to see a situation in a new way)
Term
paraclete
Definition
Greek for “advocate” or “comforter” from Greek parakletos, “one who stands alongside”, promised by Jesus in John’s Gospel to accompany his followers after he ascends. John 14:26 connects the Paraclete to the Holy Spirit, “And I will ask the Father and He will give you another helper (paraclete).”
Term
paraenesis
Definition
reads more like a meditation of theological views and ethics
Term
paraousia
Definition
secular term for the arrival of conquering general or emperor. it somes to designate the second coming of Christ at the eschaton. In Acts, the apostles as Jesus when the Parousia will occur, however he tell them that it isn’t any of their business to know when. The parousia will happen, but in God’s timing.
○ The Greek word used in the New Testament to signify Jesus’ second coming.
○ second coming of Jesus at the eschaton (discussions of imminent or delayed parousia are important in eschatology) The term means “appearance” and was used in imperial discourse to refer to the triumphant return of a conquering hero or king.
Term
pax romana
Definition
“the peace of Rome” - time of prosperity in Roman Empire for the upper classes, when it was not tied up in foreign military expansion. Roman rule at time of Paul.
Term
pentecost
Definition
from 50, acts, when the Paraclete comes down and fills up the people and they speak in xenoglossolalia
○ Christian celebration of the descent of the Holy Spirit after the ascension. Jewish festival of Shavuot.
Term
pericope
Definition
From the Greek for “to cut around,” an independent narrative unit (used to refer to passages in the biblical text).
Term
philo of alexandria
Definition
A first-century Hellenistic Jewish philosopher and interpreter of Scripture who lived in Alexandria, Egypt. He produced allegorical interpretations of the Septuagint. (ca 20-50 CE)
Term
phoebe
Definition
The deacon in Romans 16:1, masculine form of deacon, indicating authoritative role. “Diakonos”
Term
psnumatology
Definition
study of the Holy Spirit. “Pneumos” means breath.
○ That area of theology which deals with the doctrine of the Holy Spirit (from the Greek pneuma, meaning ‘breath’ or ‘spirit’).
Term
pornenia
Definition
something obscene, usually translated and interpreted as sexual immorality. Part of what Christ following Gentiles are not supposed to do according to Paul in Corinthians.
○ something that is obscene or unseemly. Translated as adultery in the synoptic gospels In Jesus’ teaching against divorce “except in the case of porneia”.
○ Fornication JANT defines this word as “unchastity” with a broader meaning than just adultery
Term
priscilli and aquilla
Definition
married couple expelled from Rome when the emperor Claudius expelled the Jews, perhaps for disturbances regarding the proclamation of Jesus. They were co-founders of the Corinthian church, and had to instruct Apollos as to proper baptism.
Term
proof texting
Definition
taking something out of the Bible to make it say anything you want
Term
prophylactic
Definition
a covering of any type
Term
protoevangelion of james
Definition
The apocryphal work that tells about Mary’s conception and childhood prior to her marriage to Joseph.
○ describes Mary’s birth, immaculate conception and Mary’s virginal conception of Jesus;
Term
psuedepigrapha
Definition
Greek word for other writings composed in the time period that are not found in the canon or Apocrypha but claim to be biblical in character, AND also writings that are falsely attributed to someone. NT - refers to false writing (pastoral).
○ books from the early Jesus movement that didn’t make it into anybody’s canon and which are falsely ascribed to a certain author. Ex: Gospel of Peter, Gospel of James
○ books that didn’t make it into anyone’s canon. Spurious or pseudonymous writings, especially Jewish writings ascribed to various biblical patriarchs and prophets but composed within approximately 200 years of the birth of Christ.
○ Greek: writings with false attributions of authorship
Term
pseudo-clementine literature
Definition
rejects Paul’s teachings, based on Matthew’s Torah observance and the Great Commission to evangelize all nations.
Term
Q
Definition
A posited source of passages, especially for Jesus’ sayings, common to Matthew and Luke and not in Mark.
○ From the German Quelle meaning “source,” scholars posit that Matthew and Luke had access to this, potentially a collection of sayings, composed primarily of Jesus’ teachings (ex. the Our Father)
Term
rahab
Definition
context in James (James: the royal law is has not god chosen the poor in the world to be rich in faith and heirs to the kingdom- god has chosen the poor in the world (nice, but also paternalistic and romantic) James 2 and rom4, Rahab is works and faith- heb 11 (she is a gentile))
Term
rapture
Definition
: comes from “to take up”. Belief of some Christian groups that, before the trials preceding the eschaton, the saved will be taken up into heaven; the belief is based on an interpretation of 1 Thess 5:13-17
○ used to describe Thessalonians 4:15-17 when the living who are in Christ will be brought up to heaven
Term
realized eschatology
Definition
inbreaking of the “end times” or the Kingdom of God in the here and now
Term
redaction criticism
Definition
The type of criticism concerned with how authors modify or edit their sources in view of their own vested interests and concerns.
Term
redaction
Definition
author is modifying, editing a previous text, or idea. example, Acts as redaction of Paul’s depiction in the letters, or Matthew and Luke modifying Mark.
Term
redactor
Definition
Creator of a text through compiling previous sources and editing, adding, and modifying those sources. Sources can be either written or oral tradition or both
Term
regula of hillel
Definition
An important early rabbinic sage of the first century BCE, who according to tradition migrated from Babylonia to Israel. Set up a scholarly school. More lenient halakhic rulings.
Term
rhetoric
Definition
art of persuasion
Term
rhetorical criticism
Definition
the assessment of how language is used to communicate effectively
Term
rootinization
Definition
The process of a movement becoming more institutionalized as it continues, reflected in instructions for settled churches in Pastoral epistles
Term
sarkos heteras
Definition
other flesh
Term
samaria
Definition
Area converted, according to Acts 8, by Philip--one of the Hellenists appointed to wait tables. The region had been beguiled by Simon Magus. According to the Gospel of John, one city of the region had already come to recognize Jesus as the Messiah prior to his death.
Term
seder
Definition
choreographed meal to celebrate the exodus
Term
seneca
Definition
stoic philosopher wwho wrote a letter of consolation to his mother when he was in exile
Term
septuagint
Definition
Composed over a lengthy period beginning about the 3rd century BCE, it is the Ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures. From the Gk. for “seventy,” the translation of the Jewish scripture into Gk.
Term
sign of the beast
Definition
the mark of 666 put on people who follow the beast, described in Rev. 13:8
Term
the beast
Definition
: Creature described in apocalyptic vision in Revelation 13:1-20 that comes out of the sea, blasphemes God and takes authority on earth
Term
666
Definition
Gematria symbol to describe Nero in Revelation
Term
signs
Definition
The term used for Jesus’ deeds of power or miracles in John. Also the name of a posited source for John’s Gospel.
Term
sign source
Definition
Jesus doing healings, miraculous deeds (purpose of signs is to point witnesses to Jesus’s divine nature); found in John.
Term
sin
Definition
as contagious a pile of vomit - links to Paul’s idea of Jesus taking away the sin from the floor. Relevant to Paul’s Christology and soteriology in which Christ pays the penalty for Adam’s sin. A real thing.
○ translated in Aramaic “hov/hob”, “debt” or “trespasse” (translation matters because of the difference of debts...can be paid, but spiritual/moral hurts are more difficult to mend)
Term
son of man
Definition
Title found in Ezekiel, Daniel, and 1 Enoch that is Jesus’ preferred self-designation.
○ God addresses Ezekiel as “son of man,” translated as “mortal” in the NRSV. Can also be translated “human being.” Denotes E’s identity as God’s prophetic agent. In Daniel the same term refers to a heavenly or angelic being. In Mark’s gospel, Son of man refers to a heavenly being who exercises God’s judgment over the powerful and wealthy. In first-century aramaic “son of man” could mean “I” or “someone.” The term is Jesus’ preferred self-designation.
Term
soteriology
Definition
study of the savior, salvation
Term
special luke
Definition
material that is in Luke but not The other gospels: Mary Martha, widow and judge
Term
stoicism
Definition
Greco-Roman moral philosophy that relied on distinction between things that matter and things that don’t matter
Term
subjective genitive reading
Definition
the “second view” of how to interpret the “faith in/of Jesus Christ” debate, arguing for the translation: “faith [fullness] expressed by Jesus” (where Jesus is the subject). It indicates that people participate in Jesus’ faithfulness by also living faithfully.
Term
suetonius
Definition
historian who wrote Lives of the Twelve Caesars
○ 49-54: Claudius Caesar issues edict expelling the Jews from rome according to Suetonius. Edict rescinded in 54 upon Claudius’ death.
Term
supersessionism
Definition
the belief that the promises of Israel are transferred to followers of Jesus because of the Jews’ rejection of Christ so that the church becomes New Israel and “true” people of God. Echoes Marcionism. Often justified by Letter to the Hebrews’ “obsolete” old covenant/new covenant in Hebrews 8
Term
synagogue
Definition
gk synagōge “assembly”, originally referring to a collection of persons, things, or writings; used in the septuagint for edah “congregation” and qahal “assembly”; eventually became the term for the beit keneset, the “house of meeting
Term
synoptic
Definition
The name given collectively to the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, which narrate so many of the same stories that they can be placed side by side in parallel columns and so be “seen together.”
Term
tanak
Definition
torah, nevi'im and ketuvim
Term
targum
Definition
Aramaic translations, interpretations, or paraphrases of the Hebrew Bible, dated to around 100 CE.
Term
testimonium flavianum
Definition
passage in Jewish historian Josephus’ book Antiquities of the Jews, written in about 90 CE, that describes Jesus. May have been edited with an interpolation that calls Jesus the Messiah.
○ This Latin phrase refers to Josephus’ controversial passage describing Jesus, found in book 18 of The Antiquities of the Jews.
Term
the shoah
Definition
(a biblical Hebrew term for ‘calamity’ or ‘catastrophe’), the killing of millions of Jews during the Nazi period
○ In the aftermath of WWII, many Christians became increasingly aware that their teachings contributed to and were complicit in that horror.
Term
theophilus
Definition
Person to whom the author of Luke addresses their gospel. Means “lover of God” in Greek. May not have been a real person.
Term
teledot yeshua
Definition
Story of Jesus, a notorious, popular polemic composed sometime in Late Antiquity on the basis on earlier traditions, some of which may go back to the second century CE. The Toledot confuses Peter and Paul: “All these new ordinances which Simeon Kepha (or Paul, as he was known to the Nazarenes) taught them were really meant to separate these Nazarenes from the people of Israel and to bring the internal strife to an end.”
Term
torah
Definition
Hebrew term used variously in the Old Testament to refer to instruction, commandment, prescription, law, and the Pentateuch. Translated in the New Testament as “law” (nomos), entolle (commandment), and paradoses (tradition).
Term
trisagion
Definition
from Isaiah 6:3, also mentioned as being sung by the four living creatures in Rev. 4:8
Term
typology
Definition
the idea that jesus is a new melchizedek is a typology. From the greek typos- the raised design on a seal for imprinting in wax, typology s the understanding of persons or events, especially in the nt, by referring them to earlier biblical “types”
Term
valentinian
Definition
early christian movement founded in the 2nd century by valentinus, a major gnostic movement, irenaeus was especially concerned with refuting this
Term
xenoglossia
Definition
foreign speech acts 2:4
Term
(jesus) Barabbas
Definition
Name of the man sentenced to death who is freed instead of Jesus in the Synoptic Gospels. Barabbas means “Son of the Father.” May be intended to contrast with Jesus “Son of God”.
Term
1 cor. 6:9:10 Malakos
Definition
effeminate or male prostitute (really means soft men) Paul says hang out on the battlefield and then you’ll evade softness
Term
2 source
Definition
Mark and Q; Matthew and Luke have access to Mark and Q when composing their gospels.
Term
4 source
Definition
Adds 2 more sources to Two-Source Hypothesis: M1 and L1 (the stuff that’s original to Matthew or Luke that they don’t share with another book); still has Q
Term
49-54
Definition
Claudius Caesar issues edict expelling the Jews from rome according to Suetonius. Edict rescinded in 54 upon Claudius’ death.
Term
Farrer source theory
Definition
- Mark is first. Matthew uses Mark. Luke uses both Matthew and Mark.
Term
7 hilled city
Definition
Used to represent Rome in Revelation
Term
70 CE
Definition
year the romans's destruction of the 2nd temple in jerusalem
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