Ont = to be, to exist
Logos = study, science

        Branch of philosophy that studies the fundamental questions of existence

Episteme = to know, to understand
    

How do we know? How do we know that we know? How do we know that what we know is true?

Great discoveries are the product of minds of genius working in relative isolation
          

(Newton, Einstein, Freud)

The content of dreams is similar to neurotic symptoms:
Both are symbolic representations of repressed traumatic/sexual memories

Most dreams are wish fulfillment. 

(The life instinct)

The psychic energy for the preservation of the self/species

Latin for lust.

The collective energy for the Eros

Primarily sexual energy 

(The death instinct)

Compulsive psychic energy to return to the ‘silent inorganic’ 

German for "The it"

it comprises our genetic inheritance including instincts/needs

Entirely unconscious and governed by the pleasure principle 

German for "The I"

Develops from the id to coordinate the potential for need-fulfillment offered by the external environment

Governed by the reality principle.

Greek - To occupy

investment of libidinal energy in objects that can satisfy a need.
ego/self love  and  object love
 

German - "The over I"

High Distortion

Actively keeps anxiety-producing thoughts out of consciousness
(in unconscious they become distorted)
 

Low Distortion

Replacing an anxiety-provoking object/goal with a neutral one

Low Distortion

Form of displacement in which a sexual object/goal is displaced by a non-sexual one 

High Distortion

Attributing to others motivations, drives, tensions that are intolerable in oneself. 

High Distortion

Using a false reason to explain a failure or shortcoming. 

High Distortion

Doing the complete opposite of an intended action - (becoming a Catholic Priest because you cannot deal with your own overactive sex drive)

(since completing that particular action would cause anxiety)

Oral Stage (1st year of life)

Main erogenous zone is mouth: lips, tongue
Over - or under-gratification at this stage will cause psychological fixation in the older adult --> oral character.

Fixation during the early stage: sucking

good listener
dependent & gullible
excessive eater, drinker, smoker
happy-go-lucky
masochistic
emotionally immature but naively self-assured (stubborn)

Fixation at a later stage: biting

aggressive,
cynical, sarcastic
ambitious
distrustful 

The Anal Stage (1st to 2nd year)

Erogenous zones are the anus & buttocks
The teaching of shame, disgust, control
Fixation during this stage will result in --> anal character

The Phallic Stage (3rd to 5th year)

Erogenous zone is the genital area
Castration anxiety in boys and penis envy in girls

Free Association
Dream Association
Transference
 - First positive
 - Then Negative
Interpretation
Resistance

Freud

the psychological basis of religious beliefs is:
human feelings of helplessness and insecurity;
to overcome them we created an all powerful father-figure (God)
Problem: it keeps us operating in a childlike, irrational manner
 

Freud 

The emergence of the individual in an industrialized society.

Born in Kesswil, Switzerland
Studies with Eugen Bleuler (1900) in Zurich
Studies with Pierre Janet (1901) in Paris
Corresponds with Freud from 1905-1912

Jung

Depth Psychology
Modern school of psychology that gives interpretive primacy to the Unconscious (UC)

Jung

Libido
For Freud: sexual energy
For Jung: creative energy that can be used to satisfy both sexual as well as philosophical, artistic, or spiritual needs
 

The primary dialogical process between the Conscious and the Unconscious
“It is exactly as if a dialogue were taking place between two human beings of EQUAL rights.”

Conscious content:
Current, directive, adaptive, personal
Unconscious content:
Old, intuitive, fantastic, universal

Jung

Mediating the dialogue between C and UC
“in ways which serve the future without loss of unconscious”

The process by which unconscious mood contents are given conscious symbolical form:
pictures, images, associations, drawings, clay work, movements etc.

Two stages to the process
Creative formulation
generating unconscious material along aesthetic/artistic lines
Understanding
abstracting the meaning of aesthetic motifs in the generated material
 

Jung 

the contents of the collective unconscious
inherited pre-dispositions to respond in specific ways to various categories of experiences
 “inherited possibilities of human imagination: (1943)
 they are formless and work blindly, demanding. (like the instincts)
 they are expressed in metaphors, myths, legends

Jung 

‘persona’ (from Etruscan) = mask
archetypal structure that causes us to show only one aspect/face of our personality in a public situation
to lie or not to lie

Jung

Fights the dragon, whale etc., finds the princess, ring, golden fleece etc.
to leave or not to leave

Jung

feminine psych/emotional side of a male (interfacing with females)

Jung

tendency to be immoral and aggressive:
“Everyone carries a shadow and unless is embedded in the conscious life, the blacker and denser it is.” 

Jung

tendency to provide unity, wholeness, centerdness to all aspects of one’s personality
“the God within”
“the God-image” 

Mother-complex of the son.

Son’s entire heterosexuality is unconsciously tied to the mother 

Mother-complex of the son.

Seeks mother in every woman (atrophied anima)

Mother-complex with daughter

Seeks mother in every woman (atrophied anima) 

Exaggeration of maternal instincts. 

Mother-complex with daughter.

Unconscious jealousy of mother and desire to undo her influence 

Mother-complex of the daughter.

Anything as long as it is NOT like mother!
No identification, power-oriented (career type)
Intensification of Eros instincts which are all directed toward resistance and result in Unconscious exhaustion of the Eros
She knows what she does NOT want but unaware as to what she should choose as her own fate
Marriage used for the whole purpose of escaping mother
Many UC processes meet with resistance:
 

Mother-complexes - daughter.

paralysis of daughter’s feminine initiative
unconscious of own maternal & erotic instincts
Clings to mother in selfless devotion
‘feminine indefinitivenes’

Outward-turning of the libido  - more verbal, outgoing, sociable

(The science of causation at a distance)

Freud was a strict determinist (the past alone determines the present),
Jung believed that the FUTURE determines the choices we make in the present

Adler’s creative self:
Humans are free to choose their destiny (teleology)
Only those experiences we can consciously assimilate we can understand

Adler 1st in US to use them.

Therapist predicts that patient will backslide or regress in some way
(designed to motivate the patient to work against the prediction)
Therapist tells the patient to exaggerate the very symptoms they wish to eradicate
Compulsive hand washer
Syphilophobia patients - fear of sickness from sexual intercourse
(design to put the compulsive / irrational behavior in a new light)

basic anxiety - the prerequisite for later neuroses
Three major patterns of adjustment to basic anxiety

Compliant type

Hostile Type

Detached Type 

Had the whole range of personality traits:

they were malicious,
sensitive
aggressive
lustful
maniacal, etc.

coined the term 'philosopher' - lover of wisdom
philosophizing / theorizing on the ways of life was considered to purify the soul
 (theory in Greek means ‘to look on’)
 The basis of all knowledge is the fixed laws of numbers

e.g. 1 = God, infinity
2 = female
3 = male
4 = perfection (Jung’s eenteredness of perception / self)
5 = marriage etc.

1st to use music as therapy for certain neuroses

promoted equality of sexes, abolition of slavery, vegetarianism & humane treatment of animals

Nothing is fixed in nature

Everything seems to be constantly changing & transforming

"No person steps into the same river twice"

    1st experience influences the perception of the 2nd

    The person is not exactly the same person. 

Operational Sex Ratio -

More women than men - male dominated society (more sexuality)

More men than women - woman dominated society (more conservative)