Term
| What are some of the main philosophical perspectives on human nature? |
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Definition
Original Sin,
Innate Purity,
Tabula Rosa
Nature Vs. Nurture
Activity Vs. Passivity
Continuity Vs. Discontinuity
Developmental Stage
Universal Vs. Pluralistic |
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Definition
| children are inherently selfish egoists who must be controlled by society |
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Term
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Definition
| Jean-Jaques Rousseau’s theory that children are born with an intuitive sense of right and wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| “Blank Slate” John Locke’s theory that children are not either good or bad. How they turn out is based on how they are raised. |
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Term
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Definition
| Debate within developmental psychology over the relative importance of biological predispositions (nature) and environmental influences (nurture) as determinants of human development. |
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Term
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Definition
| Debate among developmental theorists about whether children are active contributors to their own development or passive recipients of environmental influence. |
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Term
| Continuity Vs. Discontinuity |
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Definition
| Debate among theorists about whether developmental changes are best characterized as gradual and quantitative or abrupt and qualitative. |
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Term
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Definition
| A distinct phase within a larger sequence of development; a period characterized by a particular set of abilities, motives, behaviors, or emotions that occur together and form a coherent pattern. |
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Term
| Universal Vs. Pluralistic |
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Definition
| Debate about whether developmental milestones are applied to all humans, or rather different from person to person. |
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Term
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Definition
| Does it produce consistent results? |
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Term
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Definition
| Does it measure what you want it to measure? |
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Term
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Definition
| Data Collection - Structured interviews or questionnaires. Clinical Interview. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method in which the scientist tests hypotheses by observing people as they engage in everyday activities in their natural habitats. (e.g. school,home, playground) |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency of participants to react to an observer’s presence by behaving in an unusual way. |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure in which an investigator records the frequencies with which individuals display particular behaviors during the brief time intervals that each participant is observed. |
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Term
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Definition
| An observational method in which the investigator cues the behavior of interest and observes participants’ responses in a laboratory. |
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Term
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Definition
| A research method in which the investigator gathers extensive information about the life of an individual and then tests developmental hypotheses by analyzing the vents of the person’s life history. |
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Term
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Definition
| Method in which the researcher seeks to understand the unique values, traditions, and social processes of a culture or subculture by living with its members and making extensive observations and notes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of research design that indicates the strength of associations among variables; though correlated variables are systematically related, these relationships are not necessarily causal. |
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Term
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Definition
| A numerical index, ranging from -1.00 to +1.00, of the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. |
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Term
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Definition
| A research design in which the investigator introduces some change in the participant’s environment and then measures the effect of that change on the participant’s behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The aspect of the environment that an experimenter modifies or manipulates in order to measure its impact on behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The aspect of behavior that is measured in an experiment and assumed to be under the control of the independent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Some factor other than the independent variable that, if not controlled by the experimenter, could explain any differences across treatment conditions in participants’ performance on the dependent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Steps taken by an experimenter to ensure that all extraneous factors that could influence the dependent variable are roughly equivalent in each experimental condition; these precautions must be taken before an experimenter can be reasonable certain that observed changes in the dependent variable were caused by the manipulation of the independent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| A control technique in which participants are assigned to experimental conditions through an unbiased procedure so that the members of the groups are not systematically different from one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| An experiment that takes place in a naturalistic setting such as the home, the school, or the playground. |
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Term
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Definition
| State of affairs in which the findings of one’s research are an accurate representation of processes that occur in the natural environment. |
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Term
| Natural (or quasi) Experiment |
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Definition
| A study in which the investigator measures the impact of some naturally occurring even that is assumed to affect people’s lives. |
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Term
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Definition
| A research design in which subjects from different age groups are studied at the same point in time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Age-related difference among cohorts that is attributable to cultural/historical differences in cohorts’ growing-up experiences rather than to true developmental change. |
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Term
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Definition
| A research design in which one group of subjects is studied repeatedly over a period of months or years. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonrandom loss of participants during a study, resulting in a nonrepresentative sample. |
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Term
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Definition
| A subgroup that differs in important ways from the larger group (or population) to which it belongs. |
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Term
| Cross-Generational Problem |
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Definition
| The fact that long-term changes in the environment may limit conclusions of a longitudinal project to that generation of children who were growing up while the study was in progress. |
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Term
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Definition
| A research design in which subjects from different age groups are studied repeatedly over a period of months or years. |
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Term
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Definition
| A research design in which participants are studied intensively over a short period of time as developmental changes occur; attempts to specify how or why those changes occur. |
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Term
| Cross-Cultural Comparison |
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Definition
| A study that compares the behavior and/or development of people from different cultural or subcultural backgrounds. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Freud’s theory that states that maturation of the sex instinct underlies stages of personality development, and that how parents manage children’s instinctual impulses will determine the traits children come to display. |
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Term
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Definition
| An inborn biological force that motivates a particular response or class of responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud’s name for the instincts such as respiration, hunger, and sex that help the individual (and the species) to survive. (The life instinct) |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud’s name for inborn, self-destructive instincts that were said to characterize all human beings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud’s term for feelings, experiences, and conflicts that influence a person’s thinking and behavior, but lie outside the person’s awareness. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-provoking thoughts and conflicts are forced out of conscious awareness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychoanalytic term for the inborn component of the personality that is driven by the instincts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychoanalytic term for the rational component of the personality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychoanalytic term for the component of the personality that consists of one’s internalized moral standards. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Birth - 1 Year) - The sex instinct centers on the mouth, as infants derive pleasure from such oral activities as sucking, chewing, and biting. Feeding activities are particularly important. For example, an infant weaned too early or too abruptly may later crave close contact and become over-dependent on a spouse. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1-3 Years) - Voluntary urination and defication become the primary methods of gratifying the sex instinct. Toilet training produces major conflicts between children and parents. The emotional climate parents create can have lasting effects. For example, children punished for toiling “accidents” may become inhibited, messy, or wasteful. |
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Term
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Definition
| (3-6 Years) - Pleasure is now derived from stimulating the genitals. Children develop an incestuous desire for the opposite-sex parent (called the Oedipus complex for boys, or the Electra Complex for girls). Anxiety stemming from this conflict causes children to internalize the sex-role characteristics and moral standards of their same-sex parent rival. |
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Term
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Definition
| (6-11 Years) - Traumas of the phallic stage cause sexual conflicts to be repressed and sexual urges to be re-channeled into school work and vigorous play. The ego and superego continue to develop as the child gains mor problem-solving abilities at school and internalizes societal values. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Age 12 and onward) - Puberty triggers a reawakening of sexual urges. Adolescents must now learn how to express these urges in socially acceptable ways. If development has been healthy, the mature sex instinct is satisfied by marriage and child rearing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud’s term for the conflict that 3-6 year old boys experience when they development an incestuous desire for their mothers and, at the same time, a jealous and hostile rivalry with their fathers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Female version of the Oedipus Complex, in which a 3 to 6 year old girl was believed to envy her father for possessing a penis and to seek him as a sex object in the hope of sharing the organ that she lacks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud’s term for the child’s tendency to emulate another person, usually the same-sex parent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arrested development at a particular psychosexual stage, often as a means of coping with existing conflicts and preventing movement to the next stage, where stress may be even greater. |
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Term
| Two Main Differences between Freud and Erikson |
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Definition
| Erikson believed children were active participants in their development. Much less emphasis on the sexual drive of development and more of a Cultural one. |
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Term
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Definition
| Erikison’s revision of Freud’s theory that emphasizes sociocultural (rather than sexual) determinants of development and posits a series of eight psychosocial conflicts that people must resolve successfully to display healthy psychological adjustment. |
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Term
| Erikson's - Basic trust versus mistrust |
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Definition
Infants must learn to trust others to care for their basic needs. If caregivers are rejecting or inconsistent in their care, the infant may view the world as a dangerous place filled with untrustworthy or unreliable people. The mother or primary caregiver, is the key social agent
Birth to 1 year
Corresponding Psychosexual Stage: Oral |
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Term
| Erikson's - Autonomy versus shame and doubt |
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Definition
Children must learn to be “autonomous” - to feed and dress themselves, to look after their own hygiene, and so on. Failure to achieve this independence may force the child to doubt his or her own abilities and feel shameful. Parents are the key social agents.
1-3 years
Corresponding Psychosexual Stage: Anal |
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Term
| Erikson's - Initiative versus Guilt |
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Definition
Children attempt to act grown up and will try to accept responsibilities that are beyond their capacity to handle. They sometimes undertake goals or activities that conflict with those of parents and other family members, and these conflicts may make them feel guilty. Successful resolution of this crisis requires a balance: The child must retain a sense of initiative and yet learn not to impinge on the rights, privileges, or goals of others. The family is the key social agent
3-6 years
Corresponding Psychosexual Stage: Phallic |
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Term
| Erikson's - Industry versus Inferiority |
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Definition
Children must master important social and academic skills. This is a period when the child compares himself or herself with peers. If sufficiently industrious, children will acquire the social and academic skills to feel self-assured. Failure to acquire these important attributes leads to feelings of inferiority. Significant social agents are teachers and peers.
6-12 years
Corresponding Psychosexual Stage: Latency |
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Term
| Erikson's - Identity versus role confusion |
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Definition
This is the crossroad between childhood and maturity. The adolescent grapples with the question, “Who am I?” Adolescents must establish basic social and occupational identities, or they will remain confused about the roles they should play as adults. The key social agent is the society of peers.
12-20 years
Corresponding Psychosexual Stage: Early Genital |
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Term
| Erikson's - Intimacy versus Isolation |
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Definition
The primary task at this stage is to form strong friendships and to achieve a sense of love and companionship (or a shared identity) with another person. Feelings of loneliness or isolation are likely to result from an inability to form friendships or an intimate relationship. key social agents are lovers, spouses, and close friends (of both sexes.)
20-40 years (young adulthood)
Corresponding Psychosexual Stage: Genital |
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Term
| Erikson's - Generativity versus Stagnation |
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Definition
At this stage, adults face the tasks of becoming productive in their work and raising their families or otherwise looking after the needs of young people. These standards of “generativity” are defined by one’s culture. Those who are unable or unwilling to assume these responsibilities will become stagnant and/or self-centered. Significant social agents are the spouse, children, and cultural norms.
40-65 years (middle adulthood)
Corresponding Psychosexual Stage: Genital |
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Term
| Erikson's - Ego integrity versus Despair |
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Definition
The older adult will look back at life, viewing it as either a meaningful, productive, and happy experience or a major disappointment full of unfulfilled promises and unrealized goals. One’s life experiences, particularly social experiences, will determine the outcome of this final life crisis.
65+ Old Age
Corresponding Psychosexual Stage: Genital |
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Term
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Definition
| A school of thinking in psychology that holds that conclusions about human development should be based on controlled observations of overt behavior rather than speculation about unconscious motives or other unobservable phenomena; the philosophical underpinning for social-learning theories. |
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Term
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Definition
| Well-learned associations between stimuli and responses that represent the stable aspects of one’s personality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Best known for the Albert and the Rabbit studies. Behaviorist... argued that learning isn’t in steps, but on a continuum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Father of Operant-Learning Theory (Radical Behaviorism) |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of learning in which voluntary acts (or operants) become either more or less probably, depending on the consequences they produce. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any consequence of an act that increases the probability that the act will reoccur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any consequence of an act that suppresses that act and/or decreases the probability that it will reoccur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Agreed with skinner about operant-learning, but felt that he didn’t take the theory far enough. Bandura believed development is attributed to Observational - learning. He includes a cognitive aspect. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Bandura’s theory, a verbal encoding of modeled behavior that the observer stores in memory. |
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Term
| Environmental Determinism |
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Definition
| The notion that children are passive creatures who are molded by their environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The notion that the flow of influence between children and their environments is a two-way street; the environment may affect the child, but the child’s behavior will also influence the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning that results form observing the behaviors of others. |
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Term
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Definition
| The images and verbal labels that observers generate in order to retain the important aspects of a model’s behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| reproduction of a modeled activity that has been witnessed at some point in the past. |
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Term
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Definition
| Age-related changes that occur in mental activities such as attending, perceiving, learning, thinking, and remembering. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organized pattern of thought or action that a child constructs to make sense of some aspect of his or her experience; Piaget sometimes uses the term cognitive structures as a synonym of schemes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organized patterns of behavior that are used to represent and respond to objects and experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Internal mental symbols (such as images or verbal codes) that one uses to represent aspects of experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget’s term for schemes that utilize cognitive operations, or mental “actions of the head,” which enable one to transform objects of thought and to reason logically. |
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Term
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Definition
| One who gains knowledge by acting or otherwise operating on objects or events to discover their properties. |
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Term
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Definition
| An inborn tendency to combine and integrate available schemes into coherent systems or bodies of knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inborn tendency to adjust to the demands of the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget’s term for the process by which children interpret new experiences by incorporating them into their existing schemes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Imbalances or contradictions between one’s thought processes and environmental events; by contrast, equilibrium refers to a balanced, harmonious relationship between one’s cognitive structures and the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget’s term for the process by which children modify their existing schemes in order to incorporate or adapt to new experiences. |
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Term
| What are Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development? |
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Definition
Sensoimotor Stage - Birth to 2 years.
Preoperational Stage - 2-7 years.
Concrete-operational Stage - 7-11 or 12 years.
Formal-operational Stage - 11 or 12 years and beyond. |
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Term
| Invariant Developmental Sequence |
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Definition
| A series of developments that occur in one particular order because each development in the sequence is a prerequisite for the next. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, when infants are relying on behavioral schemes to adapt to the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A newborn infant from birth to approximately one month of age. |
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Term
| Primary Circular Reaction |
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Definition
| A pleasurable response, centered on the infant’s own body, that is discovered by chance and performed over and over. (cooing, sucking thumb, 1-4 months) |
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Term
| Secondary Circular Reaction |
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Definition
| A pleasurable response, centered on an object external to the self, that is discovered by chance and performed over and over. (squeaking a ducky, shaking a rattle, 4-8 months & between 8-12 months are able to coordinate 2 or more actions to achieve simple objects) |
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Term
| Tertiary Circular Reaction |
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Definition
| An exploratory scheme in which infants devise new methods of acting on objects to reproduce interesting results. (stomping on the rubber ducky, dropping things on the floor, 12-18 months.) |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to solve simple problems on a mental, or symbolic level without having to rely on trial-and-error experimentation (18-24 months) |
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Term
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Definition
| The realization that objects continue to exist when they are no longer visible or detectable through the other senses. |
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Term
| Object Permanence Age Based |
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Definition
4-8 months - infants will only uncover items that are partially visible.
8-12 months - When the object is hidden, they will look to where they first saw the object.
12-18 months - When the object is hidden they will look to where they saw the object last.
18-24 months - they are able to inductively figure out where the object must be. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development when children are thinking at a symbolic level but are not yet using cognitive operations. |
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Term
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Definition
| An internal mental activity that one performs on objects of thought. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to use symbols (for example, images and words) to represent objects and experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to view the world from one’s own perspective while failing to recognize that others may have different points of view. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget’s term for reasoning that is dominated by appearances (or perceptual characteristics of objects and events) rather than by rational thought processes. |
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Term
| Centered Thinking (centration) |
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Definition
| The tendency to focus on only one aspect of a problem when two or more aspects are relevant. |
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Term
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Definition
| The recognition that the properties of an object or substance do not change when its appearance is altered in some superficial way. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to reverse, or negate, an action by mentally performing the opposite action. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to consider more than one aspect of a problem at a time (Also called Decentration) |
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Term
| Concrete-Operational Stage |
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Definition
| Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development when children are acquiring cognitive operations and thinking more logically about tangible objects and experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cognitive operation that allows one to order a set of stimuli along a quantifiable dimension such as height or weight. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to infer relations among elements in a serial order (for example if A > B, and B > C, then A > C) |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget’s fourth and final stage of cognitive development when the individual begins to think more rationally and systematically about abstract concepts and hypothetical events. |
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Term
| Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning |
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Definition
| A style of problem solving in which all possible solutions to a problem are generated and then systematically evaluated to determine the correct answers. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Elkind) Allegedly a form of adolescent egocentrism that involves confusing ones own thoughts with those of a hypothesized audience and concluding that others share your preoccupations |
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Term
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Definition
| (Elkind) Allegedly a form of adolescent egocentrism in which the individual thinks that he and his thoughts and feelings are special or unique. |
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Term
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Definition
| The thinking that people display about the thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviors of themselves and other people. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the bioevolutionary bases of behavior and development. |
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Term
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Definition
| An evolutionary process, proposed by Charles Darwin, stating that individuals with characteristics that promote adaptation to the environment will survive, reproduce, and pass these adaptive characteristics to offspring; those lacking these adaptive characteristics will eventually die out. |
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Term
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Definition
| Period of time that is optimal for the development of a particular capacities, or behaviors, and in which the individual is particularly sensitive to environmental influences that would foster those attributes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Period of time that is optimal for the development of a particular capacities, or behaviors, and in which the individual is particularly sensitive to environmental influences that would foster those attributes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to experience the same emotions that someone else is experiencing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The scientific study of how genotype interacts with environment to determine behavioral attributes such as intelligence, personality, and mental health |
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Term
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Definition
| The genetic endowment that an individual inherits |
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Term
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Definition
| The ways in which a person’s genotype is expressed in observable or measurable characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of variability in a trait that is attributable to hereditary factors. |
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Term
| Selective Breeding Experiment |
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Definition
| A method of studying genetic influences by determining whether traits can be bred in animals through selective mating. |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which two individuals have genes in common. |
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Term
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Definition
| Study in which sets of twins that differ in zygosity (kinship) are compared to determine the heritability of an attribute. |
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Term
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Definition
| Study in which adoptees are compared with their biological relatives and their adoptive relatives to estimate the heritability of an attribute. |
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Term
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Definition
| the percentage of cases in which a particular attribute is present for one member of a twin pair if it is present for the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| A numerical estimate, ranging from .00 to +1.00, of the amount of variation in an attribute that is due to hereditary factors. |
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Term
| Nonshared Environmental Influence |
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Definition
| An environmental influence that people living together do not share and that should make these individuals different from one another. |
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Term
| Shared Environmental Influence |
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Definition
| An environmental influence that people living together share and that should make these individuals similar to one another. |
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Term
| Examples of Biological Influences on Heritability |
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Definition
| High concordance rates of introversion/extroversion, empathic concern, and schizophrenia. |
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Term
| Passive Genotype/ Environment Correlations |
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Definition
| The notion that the rearing environments that biological parents provide are influenced by the parents’ own genes, and hence are correlated with the child’s own genotype. |
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Term
| Evocative Genotype/ Environment Correlations |
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Definition
| The notion that our heritable attributes affect others’ behavior toward us and thus influence the social environment in which development takes place. |
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Term
| Active Genotype/ Environment Correlations |
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Definition
| The notion that our genotypes affect the types of environments that we prefer and seek out. |
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Term
| Ecological Systems Theory |
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Definition
| Bronfenbrenner’s model emphasizing that the developing person is embedded in a series of environmental systems that interact with one another and with the person to influence development (sometimes called Bioecological theory). |
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Term
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Definition
| founded the Ecological Systems Theory |
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Term
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Definition
| The immediate settings (including role relationships and activities) that the person actually encounters; the innermost of Bronfenbrenner’s environmental layers, or contexts. |
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Term
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Definition
| The interconnections among an individual’s immediate settings, or microsystems; the second of Bronfenbrenner’s environmental layers, or contexts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Social systems that children and adolescents do not directly experience but that may nonetheless influence their development; the third of Bronfenbrenner’s environmental layers, or contexts. |
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Term
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Definition
| The larger cultural or subcultural context in which development occurs; Bronfenbrenner’s outermost environmental layer, or context. |
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Term
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Definition
| In ecological systems theory, changes in the individual or the environment that occur over time and influence the direction development takes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vygotsky’s perspective on development, in which children acquire their culture’s values, beliefs, and problem-solving strategies through collaborative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society. |
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Term
| Tools of intellectual Adaptation |
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Definition
| Vygotsky’s term for methods of thinking and problem-solving strategies that children internalize from their interactions with more competent members of society. |
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Term
| Collaborative (guided) learning |
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Definition
| Process of learning or acquiring new skills that occurs as novices participate in activities under the guidance of a more skillful tutor. |
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Term
| Zone of proximal development |
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Definition
| Vygotsky’s term for the range of tasks that are too complex to be mastered alone but can be accomplished with guidance and encouragement from a more skillful partner. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which an expert, when instructing a novice, responds contingently to the novice’s behavior in a learning situation, so that the novice gradually increases his or her understanding of a problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vygotsky’s term for the subset of a child’s verbal utterances that serve a self-communicative function and guide the child’s activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Internalized private speech; covert verbal thought. |
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Term
| Social Information-Processing (or attribution) Theory |
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Definition
| Social-cognitive theory stating that the explanations we construct for social experiences largely determine how we react to those experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conclusions drawn about the underlying causes of our own or another person’s behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dispositional characteristic that is stable over time and across situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attributional heuristic implying that actions that a personal consistently performs are likely to be internally caused (reflecting a dispositional characteristic) |
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Definition
| View of children as passive entities whose developmental paths are primarily determined by external (environmental) influences. |
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Definition
| View of children as active entities whose developmental paths are primarily determined by forces from within themselves. |
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Definition
| View of children as active entities whose developmental paths represent a continuous, dynamic interplay between internal forces (nature) and external influences (nurture). |
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Definition
| A unified view of the developmental process that emphasizes the interrelationships among the physical/biological, mental, social, and emotional aspects of human development. |
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Definition
| Those who borrow from many theories in their attempts to predict and explain human development. |
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Definition
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Definition
Heart begins to beat
5 wks Eyes grow corneas and retina |
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Definition
| Embryo formation. All organs present at birth are present |
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Term
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Definition
sensitive to teratogens
viruses
chemicals
drugs
radiation
highest period of miscarriage |
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Definition
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Definition
Rapid growth and development
Toenails, fingernails, scalp hair, eyebrows, eyelashes appear
Increased and more refined motor activity
Sweat glands begin to function |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
When survival outside the uterus is possible
Usually viable between 24-28 weeks after conception
Probability of survival related to child’s birth weight.
Respiratory system is key. |
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Term
| Younger mothers (Under 18) |
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Definition
Increased obstetrical complications
Increased risk of stillborn fetus or fetus who fails to survive |
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Term
| Older first-time mothers (Over 35) |
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Definition
Increased risk of illness during pregnancy
Longer and more difficult labors
Risk of smaller, premature, stillborn |
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Term
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Definition
Risks associated with:
Extremely anxious
High dependence on others
Ambivalent or negative attitudes about pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Risks - Insufficient weight gain (< 20 lbs) |
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Definition
Premautre
Small for age babies
Growth retardation in utero |
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Term
| Risks - Severe malnutrition |
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Definition
Risk of congenital defects
Risk of prolonged labor
Risk of stillbirth
Risk of infant mortality during the first year
Last three months of pregnancy key |
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Term
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Definition
Scientific study of birth defects caused by genetic and prenatal influences or by complications with the birth process
Complicated by many factors |
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Term
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Definition
Rubella - (infected in first month 35% chance of deformation - 3rd month it lowers to 15%)
Syphilis
Influenza
Mumps
Toxemia |
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Term
| Maternal Drug Use: Alcohol |
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Definition
Moderate drinking 1-2 drinks a day or occasional heavy drinking of 5 or more drinks
Risk of miscarriage, prematurity, low birth weight, and complications during labor/delivery
Heavy drinking (5 or more per day)
serious obstetrical complications possible
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
Linked to 115,000 miscarriages and 5,600 infant deaths/year
Increases risk of many pregnancy complications
Low birth weight
1/3 of underweight births associated with maternal sicarette use
Prematurity
Up to 14% of preterm births associated with maternal cigarette use
Higher incidence of apnea, SIDS
Delivery and Birth Complications |
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Term
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Definition
Performed at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth
Score from 0-2 on each of:
heart rate
respiratory effort
muscle tone
color
reflex irritability
Apgar of 7+ = okay
Apgar of < 4 = need immediate medical attention |
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Term
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Definition
Deprivation of oxygen during or immediately following birth
Major cause of cerebral palsy |
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Term
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Definition
Abnormal positioning of the fetus
1/10 deliveries
Cesarean section performed to avoid complications |
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Term
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Definition
| Brackbill et al., 1985 review study - study where they looked at birth medications (oral) deficits in the child |
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Term
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Definition
Total gestation 37-42 weeks
Birth weight: 7 1/2 lbs (average) - 7-8% weigh less than 5 1/2 lbs
Premie babies a lot of times will weigh age appropriate but are smaller than the general baby weight
Birth length: 48-53 cm |
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Term
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Definition
Growth rate slow for gestation time
Greater risk for serious complications
Causes:
Maternal age (teen mother)
Malnourishment
Heavy smoking
Drinking
Drug use
Multiple births |
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Term
| Short term consequences of Low Birth Rate: |
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Definition
May not survive
Time spent in isolettes interrupts typical parental bonding and exposure to human touch
May be unpleasant babies, aloof, fussy
May show motor and cognitive delays
More likely to be abused than full-term infants |
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Term
| Long-Term Consequences low Birth Weight |
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Definition
Prognosis depends on the environment
stable, supportive homes - develop attachments, little evidence of IQ deficits/ learning difficulties
Unstable, low SES homes - likely to remain small in stature, more emotional problems, long-term deficits in intellectual growth and academic achievement |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Babinski
Swimming
Stepping
Withdrawal
Clasping/Grasping |
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Term
| Biological Development - Height |
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Definition
Infancy and Toddler-hood
2X birth weight by 4 to 6 months
3X birth weight by 12 months
Half of eventual adult height by age 2
Age 2 to puberty:
2 to 3 inches a year
6 to 7 lbs a year
Puberty
two-three years of accelerated growth
2 to 4 inches a year
10 to 15 lbs a year |
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Term
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Definition
Birth to age two:
brain grows from 25% to 75% of eventual adult weight |
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Term
| Development - Plasticity of the Brain |
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Definition
1/2 of early neural connections die early in life
Experience determines what will stay |
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Term
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Definition
Infant chimps raised in the dark for the first 6 months of life
Atrophy of retina, optic nerve
Reversible before 7 months of non-stimulation
After 7 months, irreversible (-->> permanent blindness) |
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Term
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Definition
Proceeds in cephalocaudal and proximodistal directions (down and out)
Infants follow same locomotor milestones |
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Term
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Definition
Orphans in Iran
Two years spent lying on backs in cribs
Age 2
None could walk
Less than half could sit unaided
Age 3
Less than 15% could walk well alone |
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Term
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Definition
White and Jamaican children living in England
Jamaican children developed motor skills earlier
Traditional Jamaican grooming for walking |
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Term
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Definition
Tools for verbal proficiency
(receptive is learned before expressive) |
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Term
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Definition
English has 45
Basic units of sound
Combined to produce words |
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Term
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Definition
Meanings expressed in words and sentences
Certain combinations of sounds have meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
Rules for combining words to produce desired meanings
Ally bit sam.
Sam bit Ally.
Ally Sam Bit. |
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Term
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Definition
How language is used for effective communications
Tested by the social reasoning skills. |
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Term
| Prelinguistic (birth - 1 year) |
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Definition
Crying cooing, babbling
By 1 year:
People take turns vocalizing
Tone important
Speech has rhythm
Joint attention (autism) both parties looking at the same thing and commenting
Autistic children cannot do this.
Mother directed talk - Baby talk |
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Term
| Holophrastic phase (1 year - 18-24 months) |
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Definition
Single word as holophrase
Naming explosion |
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Term
| Telegraphic phase (18-24 months) |
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Definition
Combining words into two or three word phrases
Phrases only contain critical content words
Telegram speech (nouns and verbs)
At age 18 they have about 50 words they can understand.
The more speech a caregiver directs to the child, the more they can understand |
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Term
| Preschool period (2 1/2 to 5 years) |
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Definition
Language resembles adult language
Grammatical morphemes
“s” for plurality
“ed” for past tense
Basic transformational rules
Semantic and relational contrasts
big <-> little
before <-> after
Recognition of uninformative messages
Ask for clarification |
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Term
| Middle childhood and adolescence (6-14 years) |
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Definition
Period of linguistic refinement
Rapid vocabulary expansion
Subtle exceptions to grammatical rules
Metalinguistic awareness |
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