Term
| What defines a major mineral? |
|
Definition
- need to consume >100mg/day in diet
- amt present in body >5g |
|
|
Term
| What defines a trace mineral? |
|
Definition
- need to consume <100mg/day in diet
- amt present in body <5g |
|
|
Term
| What are some Major Minerals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some Trace Minerals? |
|
Definition
| iron, manganese, chromium, bromine, fluoride, silicon, aluminium, many more! |
|
|
Term
| Minerals are found in all food groups, but from what types of foods can you get the most minerals? |
|
Definition
| unprocessed foods, grains + beans [meat too] |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of bioavailability on the topic of minerals? |
|
Definition
| consuming too much phytate limits our absorption of Ca, Zn, Fe, Mg |
|
|
Term
| What are phytates? Where are they found? What effect do they have on certain minerals and why? |
|
Definition
Phytates are plant-derived substances that are found in whole grains, bran, and soy products.
- They bind to minerals [Ca, Zn, Fe, Mg] to create a stable product which is carried out of the body [phytates are not metabolized by the body so no absorption of the minerals that are bound] |
|
|
Term
| Best sources of calcium? [animal foods] |
|
Definition
| Dairy products and fish with bones [especially sardines] |
|
|
Term
| What % of total calcium in our body is "regulatory pool of calcium." Where is the regulatory pool of calcium found? |
|
Definition
| 1%; it is found in intracellular fluid, blood and extracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
| What % of calcium in our bodies is found in solid mineral deposits in the bones and teeth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcium found in the body's fluid plays a role in what? |
|
Definition
- Neural transmission
- Muscle contractions
- Blood Pressure regulation
- Release of hormones |
|
|
Term
| What regulates the calcium concentration in bodily fluids? |
|
Definition
calcitonin [secreted by thyroid gland] - inhibits Ca release from bone to increase regulatory pool
Parathyroid hormone [secreted by parathyroid gland] - releases Ca from bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is 125 dihydroxy vitamin D3? |
|
Definition
the active hormone that increases the intestinal calcium absorption
- this is a steroid hormone that acts by binding to receptor, go to a nucleus, function as transcription factors
--> bind to DNA to regulate transcription of genes involved in calcium homeostasis[turn genes on and off/promote or block synthesis of proteins] |
|
|
Term
| What 2 elements provide rigidity and strength to bones? |
|
Definition
| Calcium + phosphate (is phosphorus with O2s bound to it) |
|
|
Term
| Vit D uses _____ _____ ____ to control transcription |
|
Definition
| negative feedback regulation |
|
|
Term
| There are 2 parts of bone: ______ which is spongy and _____ which is compact |
|
Definition
| Trabecular is spongy; Cortical is compact |
|
|
Term
Bone is a metabolically active tissue.
Osteo_____ break down bone and osteo____ build up bone |
|
Definition
Osteoclasts break down bone
Osteoblasts build up bone |
|
|
Term
| _____ have a lower bone density than ______. |
|
Definition
Women have a lower bone density than men and have accelerated bone loss 5 years after menopause.
- prevent osteoperosis by getting enough Ca and vit D |
|
|
Term
| What race has a lower risk of osteoperosis? |
|
Definition
| - African Americans have a lower risk than Whites and Southeast Asians |
|
|
Term
| What are risk factors for osteoperosis? |
|
Definition
- Gender
- Age
- Race
- Family History
- Smoking
- Alcohol consumption
- Exercise
- Overall body size
- Diet!!! |
|
|
Term
Calcium pumps push Ca out of the cytosol and cell. What allows it back in?
What parts of cells want Ca? |
|
Definition
Calcium channels!
Pumped into the Endoplasmic reticulum, some other organelles |
|
|
Term
| CalModulin requires calcium to function. What does this protein do? |
|
Definition
- transduces calcium signals by binding to Ca ions and modifies its interactions with other target protein
- modulates inflammation, metabolism, apoptosis, smooth muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| To cause muscle contraction, Ca binds to _____ to make it change shape. This exposes the myosin sites on the actin filaments to trigger muscle contraction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phosphorus makes up 1% of adult body. ____% of this phosphorus is in bones and teeth. |
|
Definition
| 85% of body's phosphorus in bones and teeth |
|
|
Term
| Phosphorus has a regulatory role in structural molecules. It is also in ______ that form the cellular membrane |
|
Definition
| phospholipids!!! make up the other 15% of phosphorus in your body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phosphate is the principle intracellular anion
- it activates and deactivates enzymes [things need to be phosphorylated to function]
- it is part of DNA, RNA, lipoproteins, cell membranes and ATP
- forms the backbone of nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
| What amino acids on a protein can become phosphorylated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phosphorus binds with a _____ bond but Ca binds with a _____ bond |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein phosphorylation has: |
|
Definition
Reversibility - the proteins + functions can be regulated in both directions
Amplification - fast action can occur thr phosphorylation cascade
Conservation - don't need to make a new protein or degrade an existing one bc functions can be altered w/phosphorylation or dephosphorylation
Regulation - of cell thru phosphorylation, cascades, etc. |
|
|
Term
| How much of magnesium in body is found in bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Magnesium is the second most abundant intracellular anion. What is the most abundant intracellular anion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of magnesium? |
|
Definition
| It is a cofactor for 300 enzymes that generate energy from Carbs, lipids and proteins. |
|
|
Term
| What is the upper limit of Magnesium from nonfood sources? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kinds of foods is sulfur found in? |
|
Definition
| Protein foods and nonfood additives (sulfur dioxide) |
|
|
Term
| Sulfur-containing amino acids [cysteine and methionine] are important for ____ synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamins contain sulfur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Body weight is ___ to ____% water! |
|
Definition
50-70%
- 90% of blood
- 70% of muscle
- 25% of bone
- 10% of fat |
|
|
Term
| Extracellular fluid is classified as 2 things: |
|
Definition
1) Interstitial: Between cells
2) Intravascular: in blood vessels + lymph |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of water in the body? |
|
Definition
- dissolves solutes
- transports water-soluble substances
- blood volume + pressure
- regulates body temp
- chemical rxns
- lubricant and protects [teardrops, amniotic fluid] |
|
|
Term
| How does a decrease in body water affect blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| decease body water => ^blood solutes + decrease blood volume => ^ BP |
|
|
Term
| What part of body triggers sensation of thirst? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones trigger water absorption/retention? |
|
Definition
- renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- antidiuretic hormone |
|
|
Term
| What solutes dictate the balance b/t intra and extracellular fluids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mineral salts separated in solution into ions (Na+ and K+) |
|
|
Term
| How are electrolytes important in nerve and muscle response? |
|
Definition
| impulses are created by a change in the electrical charge across the nerve cell membrane due to a change in electrolyte concentrations |
|
|
Term
| What is organ regulates electrolytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's diff b/t systolic and diastolic Blood Pressure? |
|
Definition
Systolic: pressure when heart contracts
Diastolic: pressure b/t contractions |
|
|
Term
| What hormone system is designed to help regulate blood pressure? |
|
Definition
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
[aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid] |
|
|
Term
| Potassium is the principle intracellular anion. What is the second most abundant one? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of potassium? |
|
Definition
- fluid balance
- nerve transmission
- muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| As foods become more processed ______ is lost and _____ is gained |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of Chloride Cl-? |
|
Definition
- fluid balance
- nerve impulse
- part of HCl [in stomach] |
|
|
Term
| NaCl is ____% Na+ and ____% Cl- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Antidiuretic hormone? |
|
Definition
| stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water (in response to ^solutes) |
|
|
Term
| Ions have counterions to balance charge. What is the counter ion of K+ and Na+ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to perform routine physical activity without undue fatigue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assumes that body will adapt to the stresses placed on it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
includes activity that increases heart rate and requires oxygen in the metabolism
Includes:
- jogging
- swimming
- biking, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What is the cardiorespiratory system? |
|
Definition
includes circulatory and respiratory system
- delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cells |
|
|
Term
| What are effects of aerobic exercise on the heart? |
|
Definition
- strengthens heart muscle
- increases stroke volume
- decreases resting heart rate |
|
|
Term
| What is aerobic capacity? |
|
Definition
| the body's maximum ability to produce ATP by aerobic metabolism during exercise |
|
|
Term
| What is the process by which stress and overload during exercise cause the muscles to adapt by increasing in size and strength? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the process by which muscles become smaller and weaker? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| People who are fit have a [>, <, or =] proportion of lean body mass than people who aren't |
|
Definition
| fit have more lean body mass than not fit |
|
|
Term
| Benefits of regular exercise: |
|
Definition
- weight mgmt
- cardio health
- diabetes prevention or mgmt
- bone and joint health
- possible reduction of cancer risk
- psychological health |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
metabolism in the presence of O2
- requires fat, carbs, protein to produce ATP which is used to contract muscle
- most efficient way of producing energy |
|
|
Term
Anaerobic metabolism
[anaerobic glycolysis] |
|
Definition
metabolism in the absence of O2:
- each molecule of glucose produces 2 ATP
- Glucose is metabolized in this way
when oxygen cannot be supplied quickly enough to the tissues to support aerobic metabolism
- this is also called anaerobic glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| creatine phosphate does what in the muscles? |
|
Definition
| Helps regenerate ATP yielding energy for 3-15 seconds by phosphorylating ADP |
|
|
Term
| Pyruvate during anaerobic metabolism can buildup and become ____ _____. Too much of this can cause a painful syndrome of _____ _____. |
|
Definition
| lactic acid; lactic acidosis |
|
|
Term
| Where is fatty acid stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fatty acid, amino acid, and glucose as main energy during exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What process uses lactate to buildup glycogen in the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lactic acid goes from muscle thru blood stream to liver where it is built up into glucose and oxygen.
This process requires ATP.
(Lactose created during anaerobic glucose metabolism in muscle) |
|
|
Term
| Lactic acid is created during ____erobic glucose metabolism in muscle. The ___ ____ is what takes this lactic acid and converts it back to glucose |
|
Definition
| anaerobic metabolism; Cori Cycle |
|
|
Term
| Amino acids are used the most to make ATP for energy. T or F? |
|
Definition
False!
Amino Acids hardly used
Fat used the most at rest
Half fat and half glucose for moderate intensity exercise
All glucose for high-intensity exercise |
|
|
Term
| What are the general proportions of energy-yielding nutrients necessary for athletes and normal people? |
|
Definition
45-65% carbs
20-35% fat
10-35% protein |
|
|
Term
| What nutrients do athletes really need to focus on? |
|
Definition
-B vitamins
-Antioxidant vitamins [C & E]
-Iron
-Calcium |
|
|
Term
What does fluid do for athletes?
[marked correlation in hydration level and performance] |
|
Definition
-eliminate heat
- transport oxygen and nutrients to muscles
- remove waste products [like lactic acid] from muscle
- heat dissipation depends on hydration levels |
|
|
Term
What happens during high heat?
What happens during high humidity? |
|
Definition
- rise in body temp
- inability to sweat normally |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the possible heat illnesses? |
|
Definition
- heat cramps
- heat exhaustion
- heat stroke
- death |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of heat exhaustion? (90-130 degrees F) |
|
Definition
- excessive sweating
- weakness
- nausea
- dizziness
- headache
- difficulty concentrating |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the symptoms of heat stroke? (>130 degrees F) |
|
Definition
- hot, dry skin
- rapid heart rate
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- body temp rises to > 104 degrees F |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of drinking a sports drink? |
|
Definition
| prolongs performance to >1hour |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Supplements that are meant to externally improve performance
- questionable if they have any effect; may be toxic at high levels |
|
|
Term
| How much caffeine does a cup of coffee have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What molecule is caffeine an antagonist to?
What does that molecule do in the brain? |
|
Definition
adensosine;
Adenosine acts to protect the brain by suppressing neural activity and increasing blood flow |
|
|
Term
| What does caffeine do? How does it do this? |
|
Definition
- causes fas to be used more and spares muscle glycogen = longer endurance performance
--> induces free fatty acid mobilization by increasing epinephrine levels |
|
|
Term
| What is the most ancient business in biotechnology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organism causes alcohol fermentation? |
|
Definition
| yeast ferments grain sugars to form beer and ferments grape juice to form wine |
|
|
Term
| What is the fermentation process to form alcohol? |
|
Definition
When yeast ferments sugars in grain and grape juice, the sugars are broken down and used for energy
- ethanol is formed as a waste product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is a means of increasing alcohol content in a beverage |
|
|
Term
| fermentation chemical process |
|
Definition
| glucose -> pyruvate -> pyruvate decarboxylase (forms CO2) -> 2acetylaldehyde -> goes thru alcohol dehydrogenase to form 2ethanol |
|
|
Term
| The alcohol fermentation is a process of aerobic or anaerobic metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ethanol is a 2 carbon alcohol. show the structure. What is the inedible alcohol that ethanol is close to? |
|
Definition
| HHHOHCCH3; close to methanol which only has one carbon! |
|
|
Term
Alcohol has no nutritional content besides calories. T or F?
How much kcal/gram? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alcohol does not need to be digested bc it is absorbed. T or F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where is alcohol absorbed in the body?
What slows down absorption? |
|
Definition
- mouth
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine (primary site of alcohol absorption)
Food slows down absorption! |
|
|
Term
| What is moderate drinking? |
|
Definition
Women: 1 drink/day
Men: 2 drinks/day |
|
|
Term
| Who should not drink at all? |
|
Definition
- pregnant women
- ppl planning to drive/do other activities that require skill
- ppl taking over-the-counter medications
- ppl w/medical conditions that can be worsened by alcohol
- recovering alcoholics
- ppl under 21 |
|
|
Term
| Why do women get more drunk than men with the same amount of alcohol? |
|
Definition
- have a higher percentage of fat
- have less water in the body to dilute alcohol
- smaller body size (smaller livers)
- Less alcohol dehydrogenase to metabolize the alcohol
- hormonal fluctuations (such as being on birth control or on your period) cause heightened response to alcohol |
|
|
Term
| Issues with drinking during pregnancy |
|
Definition
| - birth defects: mentally retarded + behavioral problems |
|
|
Term
| It takes ___ hours to metabolize absorbed alcohol. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alcohol metabolism in our body FOR SMALL AMOUNTS OF ALCOHOL |
|
Definition
Alcohol dehydrogenase metabolizes Alcohol -> acetaldehyde
Aldehyde dehydrogenase
Acetaldehyde -> acetate ->
Metabolites -> acetyl CoA -> fat |
|
|
Term
| Alcohol metabolism in our body FOR LARGE AMOUNTS OF ALCOHOL |
|
Definition
When too much alcohol overwhelms alcohol dehydrogenase system:
Use MEOS: Microsomal Ethanol-Oxidizing System |
|
|
Term
| What does aldehyde dehydrogenase produce which can buildup in blood to cause acidosis? |
|
Definition
| acetic acid; builds up b/c unable to convert it all to acetyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| Conversion of ethanol to acetyl coA consists of 2 oxidative reactions that require coenzye ___, which can become limiting and cause the NADH to buildup. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you get lactic acidosis from too much alcohol consumption? |
|
Definition
When NAD+ is a limiting factor to convert ethanol to acetyl coA:
- anaerobic metabolism to generate more NAD+, conversion of pyruvate to lactate by lactate hydrogenase |
|
|
Term
| How can you become hypglycemic when drinking too much alcohol? |
|
Definition
When converting pyruvate to lactose in alcohol metabolism, less availability of pyruvate for gluconeogenesis
--> in combo w/low food intake -> hypoglycemia! |
|
|
Term
| Asians drink less b/c have lower amts of ___ ____, which is responsible for metabolizing acetaldehyde |
|
Definition
| low-Km mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme |
|
|
Term
| Asian flush affects up to ___% of Asians. Some symptoms include: |
|
Definition
Up to 50% of Asians manifest a flushed complexion, increased heart rate, elevated body temperature and dizziness after
consuming alcohol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mutation in aa in alcohol dehydrogenase responsible for binding to NAD
-> 8% NAD-binding than in nonmutant enzyme |
|
|
Term
| Possible cures for Asian Flush |
|
Definition
- can be remedied by taking high doses of niacin which produces NAD
- taking heartburn medicine famotidine (Pepsid AC) is said to help b/c reduces gastric acid while drinking alcohol increases it |
|
|
Term
| What is the "French Paradox"? |
|
Definition
French don't eat a particularly healthy diet but have lower rates of coronary heart disease compared to rest of Europe
- explanation that they consume a lot of wine |
|
|
Term
| Molecular basis of French paradox (MODERATE DRINKING) |
|
Definition
Wine has a lot of antioxidants (polyphenol) but not just the effect of antioxidants is beneficial
- increases HDL
- decreases platelet concentration, less blood clotting |
|
|
Term
| What is Resveratrol? (antioxidant found in red wine) |
|
Definition
Some types of plants produce resveratrol in response to
stress, injury, fungal infection, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Craving
2. Loss of control: can't stop drinking
3. Physical dependence: withdrawal symptoms like nausea, sweating, shaking, anxiety
4. Tolerance: need to drink more to get drunk |
|
|
Term
| Who is predisposed to alcoholism? |
|
Definition
14 million ppl abuse alcohol: 1/13
- men
- adults 18-29
- ppl who start drinking at an early age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Medication:
- Benzodiazapines (Valium, Librium) help ppl safely withdraw in first few days
- naltrexone (ReVia) helps ppl stay sober (w/counseling)
- Disulfiram (Antibuse) discourages drinking by making person feel sick if they drink |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of eating disorders |
|
Definition
1. Anorexia nervosa (very little eating)
2. Bulimia nervosa (binge + purge)
3. Binge-eating disorder (just binge) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
regulated by internal physio mechanisms
- regular habits
- eat for social reasons
- pleasure of taste of food
- eat when hungry and stop when satisfied |
|
|
Term
| What is disordered eating? |
|
Definition
| General term used to describe a variety of atypical eating behaviors that people use to achieve or maintain a lower body weight |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of an eating disorder? |
|
Definition
- severe alterations in eating patterns
- may include restriction, binging, purging, and weight fluctuations
- emotional and cognitive changes affect the way a person perceives his/her body |
|
|
Term
How many ppl suffer from eating disorders?
how many are boys/men?
What population is affected the most? |
|
Definition
24 million
- 10% are men
- adolescence/ early adulthood |
|
|
Term
An eating disorder is not just linked to eating food. It's basis is ____ ____ ____.
What does food make people feel? |
|
Definition
underlying emotional issues.
food makes us feel comfort, personal emotions, reward. |
|
|
Term
| Psychological factors of getting an eating disorder: |
|
Definition
- low self esteem
- feelings of inadequacy/lack of control over life = need for self-control
- depression, anxiety, anger, loneliness |
|
|
Term
| Interpersonal factors of getting an eating disorder: |
|
Definition
- troubled family + personal relationships
- difficulty expressing emotions and feelings
- history of being teased or ridiculed for weight
- history of physical or sexual abuse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- cultural pressure to be "thin"
- definitions of beauty
- cultural norms that value looks over personality
- abundant food supply |
|
|
Term
| Genetic and biological factors |
|
Definition
- chemical imbalances that control hunger, appetite and digestion affects amt of food we eat
- possible gene/set of genes that predisposes individual
- inherited personality traits |
|
|
Term
| The impossible body ideal is a mechanism to gain ___ ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- extreme weight loss and restrictive eating practices
- distorted body image
- discrepancy b/t actual and perceived weight
- intense fear of weight gain
- <85% of expected normal body weight
- amenorrhea: no menstrual periods for at least 3 months |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no menstrual periods for at least 3 months |
|
|
Term
| What are some physical effects of anorexia? |
|
Definition
- muscle loss to get protein to get blood glucose for brain to run!
- altered calcium metabolism
- abdominal pain and bloating
- lower BP and fainting + dizzyness |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat anorexia? 2 types of treatment |
|
Definition
1)Nutritional Therapy: get calories in the person to reverse the disease
2)Psychological Therapy: address underlying emotional issues of the disease |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of Bulimia Nervosa? |
|
Definition
- Characterized by repeated binging and purging
When binging: a loss of self control, a sense of eurphoria, a self-induced high
- 2x/week for 3months
- extreme concern for body weight + negative body image |
|
|
Term
| What does purging include? |
|
Definition
- vomiting
- taking laxatives
- fasting
- excessive exercise
- any means to get rid of the excess food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
successful college age women
- are at or above normal weight
- low self-esteem, depressed (1/2 have major depression)
- recognize their behavior as abnormal |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the negative effects of bulimia? |
|
Definition
- Electrolyte imbalance
- nutritional deficiencies
- heart arrhythmia b/c of electrolyte imbalance and weight loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Improve dietary habits
- alter values that define "self-worth" |
|
|
Term
| What is Binge eating disorder? |
|
Definition
- binge 2x/week no purging
- lack of sense of control
- can occur with a rebound from anorexia/bulimia
- assoc. w/depression, substance abuse, anxiety disorders
- can result in obesity |
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter is created from tryptophan from food? It controls sleep, appetite, mood. |
|
Definition
| serotonin; taken orally, sertonin cannot enter BBB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process that occurs continuously in indivs of all ages |
|
|
Term
What is elderly?
very elderly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| US life expectancy? What is life expectancy? |
|
Definition
- 78.1 years
- Avg length of time a person can be expected to live |
|
|
Term
| What is the human lifespan? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- # of cells decrease + decline in function
- w/less cells -> ability to maintain homeostasis decreases
- When person ages; reserve capacity decreases |
|
|
Term
| What is the Reserve Capacity of cells? |
|
Definition
| have a set amount of cells/organs that is 4-10x required what is necessary to sustain life |
|
|
Term
| What vitamins do you need more of when you are aging? |
|
Definition
Vitamin D! efficiency of transformation of vit D from sunlight reduces with age
- will affect bone mass if you don't get enough vit d to help w/calcium
- B6 (more for men than women): involved in transferring amino groups around; homeostatic mechanism
- Magnesium: cofactor of ATP; involved in enzyme of ATP hydrolysis
- zinc: gene expression |
|
|
Term
| What are some physio changes due to aging? |
|
Definition
- macular degeneration
- sensory decline
- cataracts
- periodontal disease
- decline in size + function of liver + kidneys
- ^ body fat, dec LBM
- lower hormone levels
- decrease mobility
- Dementia/Alzheimer's |
|
|
Term
| What social + economic changes assoc w/aging |
|
Definition
- depression
- lower income
- dependent living |
|
|
Term
| How long is a typical gestation period for pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the breakdown for the trimesters? (in weeks) |
|
Definition
First Trimester: 0-13 weeks
Second Trimester: 14-27 weeks
Third Trimester: 28-40 weeks |
|
|
Term
| How far along are you if it has been one week since your first missed period? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What purpose does the amniotic sac/fluid serve for the developing fetus? |
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Definition
| Protection, temperature regulation |
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Term
| What purpose does the placenta serve for the developing fetus? |
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Definition
| uses umbilical to deliver nutrients to fetus (fetus and maternal blood do not mix) |
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Term
| What happens during the first trimester? |
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Definition
- Uterus grows
- Placenta forms (hCG hormone; estrogen + progesterone responsible for pregnancy changes)
- for mother: swollen breasts, fatigue, some weight gain/loss |
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Term
During what trimester is the embryo most susceptible to teratogens?
What happens during this trimester that is crucial to development? |
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Definition
First trimester
- organogenesis |
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Term
| What foods should a pregnant woman in the first trimester avoid? |
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Definition
- Caffeine
- Raw seafood, eggs, meat
- Unpasteurized milk/juice and cheese
- High mercury fish
- Smoked/cured meats
- Alcohol |
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Term
| What is the key nutrient required during the first trimester? What does it do? |
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Definition
Folic acid: Responsible for DNA synthesis and B12 required for DNA methylation
- together they are necessary for rapid cell division and growth |
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Term
| Folic acid is crucial to the development of the neural tube during the first trimester. What 2 parts develop from the neural tube? |
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Definition
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Term
| A deficiency in folic acid during pregnancy results in defects in the neural tube. This can cause CNS disorders such as: [name 2] |
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Definition
- Spina bifida = incomplete closure of the bony casing around the spinal cord [mild to severe]
- Anencephaly = partially or completely missing brain |
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Term
| How much folic acid should pregnant women be getting? What are good sources? |
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Definition
- 400 micrograms (ug)
- Food sources: dark leafy greens, dried beans, wheat germ, fortified foods (1998 American fortification of food supply) |
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Term
| What happens during second trimester? |
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Definition
- feel better, more energy b/c less hCG and body adjusts to more estrogen/progesteron
- Food cravings
- Some GI issues: heartburn, constipation, hemhorroids
- weight gain: .5-1lb/week |
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Term
| How large does fetus grow during second trimester? |
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Definition
| organs develop: weighs 2-3lbs, ~15in long |
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Term
| What are second trimester nutritional needs? |
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Definition
- Folic acid, iron
- more kcals; add ~350/day
- RDA protein + add 25g/day |
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Term
What is Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)?
What are some of the risk factors? |
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Definition
- Diabetes only during pregnancy
Risk factors
• Prior history of GDM
• Family history of Type 2 DM
• Overweight, BMI > 25
• Ethnicity: African American, Hispanic American, Native
American, Asian American, Pacific Islanders
• History of glucose intolerance
• Prior poor obstetric outcome: stillbirth or birth defects |
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Term
| What are some of the treatment options for Gestational diabetes? |
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Definition
- Carbohydrate consistent (not limited) diet & light-moderate exercise, insulin
- Usually disappears after delivery, but linked to development of Type 2 DM in mother later in life |
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Term
| Maternal hyperglycemia can cause what risks? |
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Definition
Fetal hyperinsulinism
• Baby with increased body fat and usually > 10 pounds
• Birth trauma: shoulder dystocia, clavicular fracture, etc.
• Increase incidence of Cesarean section
• Offspring with increase risk for obesity and abnormal glucose metabolism in childhood, adolescence and adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| Pregnancy-induced hypertension (high BP) |
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Term
| What happens during third trimester? |
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Definition
- most weight gain
• Difficulty moving around (shortness of breath)
• Feel hot (temperature)
• Increase urinary frequency (increase pressure)
• Blood volume increased by ~50% (edema/swelling)
• Braxton-Hicks contractions
• Some GI issues continue
• Anxiety |
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Term
| During what trimester does the fetus grow the most? |
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Definition
| 3rd trimester; brain growth + lung maturation |
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Term
| What are 3rd trimester nutritional needs? |
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Definition
Calcium - fetal skeletal growth
• Iron, folic acid, vitamin B12
• Iron stores in fetus
• Iron to fetus first, deficiency affects mother
• Increase calories by adding ~ 450 kcal/day
• Continue increase protein + 25 g/day
• Increase thirst/fluids |
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Term
| How long should a woman exclusively breastfeed her newborn? |
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Definition
| 6 months; can include appropriate foods after that |
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Term
| From where do hormones that stimulate dvpmt of milk-producing cells come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Infant suckling releases what hormone from the pituitary gland that maintains milk after birth of child? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is colostrum? What is its function for the newborn? |
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Definition
- First fluid produced during late pregnancy and first few days after birth
• Thick, yellow fluid - super concentrated
Functions to:
• Provides immune protection and is micronutrient-rich
• Facilitates passage of meconium (laxative) |
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Term
| What hormone that is produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland is responsible for causing lobules to release milk from storage to start the milk "let-down"? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the components of human breast milk? |
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Definition
• Macronutrients in concentrations optimal for infant
development
• Immune factors help baby resist infection
• High in cholesterol and omega-3 fatty acids needed
for infant brain development |
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Term
| What is the difference between "foremilk" and "hindmilk"? |
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Definition
• Foremilk: more “watery” to quench thirst
• Hindmilk: more nutrient-dense |
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Term
| What are the benefits of breastfeeding for an infant? |
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Definition
• Nutritionally ideal food
• Immune protective factors - less incidence and/or
severity of infections, GI issues
• Establishes eating in moderation
• Breast milk at ideal temperature
• May reduce risk of chronic diseases later in life |
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Term
| What are the benefits of breastfeeding for the mother? |
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Definition
• Quicker return of the uterus to its pre-pregnancy
state, less post-partum bleeding
• Decrease risk of ovarian and premenopausal breast
cancer
• Decrease risk for development of metabolic
syndrome, especially in GDM population
• Cheaper (than buying formula)
• Bonding with child
• Delayed ovulation
• Quicker return to pre-pregnancy weight |
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Term
Babies drink about how much breast milk/day?
How often do they nurse? |
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Definition
~25oz = ~3cups
- babies nurse 8-12x/day |
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Term
| What kind of nutrition is optimal to maintaining health while lactating? |
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Definition
• Fluids ~ 13 cups/day
• Breastfeeding/lactation burns ~800 kcal/day
• = 150 lb person jumping rope non-stop for 1 hour
• Need additional ~ 400 kcal/day (fat reserves)
• + 25 g extra protein/day
• Micronutrients: less iron and folic acid than
pregnancy, but more vitamins A, E, C, and certain
minerals
• Fish/omega-3 fatty acids (infant brain) |
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Term
| What are some contraindications to breastfeeding? |
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Definition
- galactosemia in the infant = baby can't metabolize galactose in lactose
- If mother has any of the following conditions:
• Active, untreated tuberculosis
• HIV infection
• Human T-cell lyphotropic virus type I or type II infection
• On antiretroviral medications
• Using/dependent on illicit drugs
• Taking chemotherapy agents, drugs that interfere with DNA
replication and cell division |
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