Term
| Nucleus- effects of damage |
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Definition
| Growth and repair of cell is impaired: ie. radiation effects- DNA linkages broken leading to destruction or mutation of cell; development of potentially transmissible genetic diseases |
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Term
| Outer plasma membrane- effects of damage |
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Definition
| inability to maintain intracellular environment: intracellular contents leak out causing cells to shrink and die; extracellular contents leak in causing cells to swell, impaired function, and cell death |
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Term
| Organelle plasma membranes- effects of damage |
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Definition
| Cell trauma and death: ie. lysosome ruptures leading to autolysis and cell death |
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Term
| Ribosomes- effects of damage |
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Definition
| Decreased protein synthesis (intracellular proteins needed for wide variety of cellular functions) |
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Term
| Golgi apparatus- effects of damage |
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Definition
| Impaired cellular communication |
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Term
| Mitochondria- effects of damage |
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Definition
| Decreased intracellular energy production |
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Term
| Cytoskeleton- effects of damage |
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Definition
Loss of cellular structure, impaired communication, loss of cellular
movement, impaired cellular reproduction |
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Term
| Effects of Damage to Cellular Reproduction |
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Definition
Change in birth and death rate of cells;
Social control genes and protein growth factor signals from neighboring cells to divide, differentiate or die |
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Term
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Definition
| cell division resulting in daughter cell with ½ normal # of chromosomes; allows mixing of genomes from 2 individuals so offspring differ from each other and from parents; allows for adaptation and evolution to changing environment |
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Term
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Definition
| cell division resulting in daughter cells with chromosomes identical to parent cells; allows growth of cells when little genetic variation is needed (skeletal cells, etc.) |
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Term
| Cell Cycle- significance in pathophysiology |
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Definition
| Individual cells are part of complex cellular society; survival of entire organism is key, not survival/proliferation of individual cell |
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Term
| Adaptive Cellular Changes- general definition |
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Definition
| cellular response to stress (increase functional demand, reversible cell injury) |
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Term
| What is the purpose of adaptive cellular changes? |
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Definition
| to escape from or protect selves from injury |
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Term
| What are the long term effects of adaptive cellular changes? |
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Definition
| may or may not be reversible; may indicate pathology; may become maladaptive or have negative effect on body function |
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Term
| Types of Adaptive Changes |
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Definition
| Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Dysplasia, Metaplasia |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in size of existing cells; function also diminishes; occurs secondary to disuse, denervation, ischemia, starvation, and aging |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller cells require less oxygen and nutrients |
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Term
| Example of how atrophy can be maladaptive |
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Definition
| chronic ischemia, leads to atrophic changes in skin, leads to healing which is more difficult |
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Term
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Definition
| increased size of cells, increased functional ability |
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Term
| When does hypertrophy occur? |
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Definition
| When there is an increased demand for work |
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Term
| How is hypertrophy adaptive? (example) |
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Definition
| If secondary to exercise, there will be increase ability to work |
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Term
| How is hypertrophy maladaptive? (example) |
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Definition
| If secondary to pathophysiologic processes (for example alcoholism, chronic HTN) can lead to eventual decreased function |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in number of cells resulting from an increased rate of cellular division |
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Term
| Compensatory hyperplasia- example |
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Definition
| callus formation with mechanical stimulation of skin; regeneration of liver; increase rbc’s at high altitude |
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Term
| Hormonal hyperplasia- example of adaptive and maladaptive |
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Definition
| Adaptive- growth of estrogen, dependent organs under influence of estrogen (uterus, breasts; Maladaptive- tumor of pituitary secretes increase TSH leads to thyroid hyperplasia |
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Term
| Pathologic hyperplasia- (example) |
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Definition
| hyperplasia of endometrium due to estrogen– progesterone imbalance |
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Term
| Dysplasia (also called atypical hyperplasia)- definition |
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Definition
| disorganized cell growth (size, shape) |
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Term
| What is the cause and potential consequence of displasia? |
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Definition
| chronic injury which could cause transformation to cancerous cells |
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Term
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Definition
| reversible replacement of one type of mature cell by another cell type |
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Term
| What is the purpose of Metaplasia? |
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Definition
| to increase chance of survival of cell – usually due to persistent injury |
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Term
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Definition
| smoking leads to irritation of bronchial mucosa progress, leads to ciliated epithelium replaced by squamous epithelium |
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Term
| Mechanisms of cellular injury |
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Definition
| Hypoxic injury, Nutritional injury, Infectious and Immunological injury, Chemical injury, Physical and Mechanical injury |
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Term
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Definition
| reduced supply of oxygen to cells; can be secondary to decreased oxygen in blood supply (hypoxemia), or decreased blood supply to organ (ischemia) |
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Term
| Which type of cellular change has the greatest potential for malignant transformation? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| decrease blood supply to cell, tissue or organ |
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Term
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Definition
| narrowed blood vessel; occluded blood vessel (most commonly a clot) |
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Term
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Definition
| depends on affected organ – reflect body’s attempt to compensate (increase heart rate, increase respiratory rate) |
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Term
| What are the cellular effects of hypoxic injury? |
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Definition
decrease ATP production as mitochondria do
not receive oxygen, triggers increase glycolysis, increase lactate, decrease
PH; loss of K+ from cell, influx of Ca++ and H2O,cells swell; decrease
protein synthesis due to disruption and detachment of ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue injury resulting from the restoration of oxygen after an interval of hypoxia |
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Term
| Nutritional Injury- caused by deficiencies (examples) |
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Definition
| deficiency in protein= decrease in absorptive capability of intestinal mucosa; deficiency in glucose= decrease in cellular metabolism; deficiency in lipids (hypolipidemia)= adipose tissue broken down= excess ketones, acidosis, and interference with cellular function |
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Term
| Nutritional Injury- caused by excess (examples) |
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Definition
| excess of fat (hyperlipidemia)= deposit of lipids in tissues ie. blood vessels; excess of Vit A= lysis of plasma membranes; excess of Vit C= precipates out as crystals, deposited in joints causing inflammation; excess glucose= altered fluid movement, eventual damage to all organs, secondary to hyperglycemia |
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Term
| Infection by bacteria- direct mechanism |
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Definition
| invade and destroy cells with enzymes that digest cellular membranes, produce exotoxins that interfere with function, produce endotoxins released when bacterial wall lyse= fever, shock |
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Term
| Infection by bacteria- indirect mechanism |
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Definition
| as WBC’s attack bacteria, there are enzymes and chemicals released that also damage tissue (histamine, prostaglandins) |
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Term
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Definition
| small bits of genetic material that can penetrate cell membranes |
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Term
| Viruses- direct mechanism |
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Definition
| kills host cell, for example poliovirus |
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Term
| Viruses- indirect mechanism |
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Definition
| makes host cell seem like a foreign substance; ie. HBV |
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Term
| Chemical Injury- direct mechanisms |
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Definition
| acidic or basic chemicals directly corrosive to cells; Heavy metals like lead also directly affect tissues - ie. (interfere with neurotransmitters) |
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Term
| Chemical Injury- metabolic activation |
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Definition
| injury occurs after chemical metabolized ie. carbon tetrachloride, metabolized to toxic free radical that destroys liver cells (used to be used in dry cleaning) |
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Term
| Physical and Mechanical Agents that Cause Cellular Injury |
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Definition
Ionizing radiation- interferes with DNA synthesis and replication; Temperature Extremes: heat- direct destruction; also increase blood flow and swelling, cold- decrease circulation, tissue freezing if extreme; Changes in Atmospheric Pressure- interferes with gas exchange in lungs; Mechanical Trauma/Excessive Noise/Excessive Vibration- hypoxia,
abrasion, laceration, vasoconstricting of vessels supplying ear due to swelling; Electricity- body cells conduct electricity nerves and cardiac disrupted, hyperthermic cell distruction |
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Term
| Manifestations of Cellular Injury |
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Definition
| Cellular Accumulations, Systemic Manifestations, Cellular Death |
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Term
| What are some cellular accumulations resulting from cellular injury? |
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Definition
fluids and electrolytes, lipids, glycogen,
calcium, uric acid, proteins |
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Term
| What are the systemic manifestations resulting from cellular injury? |
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Definition
| fatigue, malaise, decrease well-being, fever, altered appetite |
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Term
| Cellular Death- definition |
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Definition
| death/degradation of body cells/tissues: occurs when injury is too severe or prolonged to allow adaptation |
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Term
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Definition
| Damage Accumulation theory– gradual wear and tear; microinsults; random injuries and events (or) Developmentally programmed theory– built-in self-destruction– each cell has finite life span |
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Term
| Cellular changes associated with aging |
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Definition
| atrophy, decreased number of cells, decreased cell function, eventual lack of DNA repair |
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Term
| General changes with aging |
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Definition
| general decrease in physiologic function, decreased immunologic competence, decreased proportion of body weight made up of fluids |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| temporary rigidity of muscles occurring after death, (after 12 hours or more become flacid) |
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Term
|
Definition
| hypostasis of the blood following death that causes a purplish red discoloration of the skin (mottled) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the gradual cooling of the body following death |
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Term
|
Definition
| Coagulative necrosis– due to severe ischemia/hypoxia (kidneys, heart, adrenals); Liquefactive necrosis– in brain tissue; cells digested by own hydrolases; Fat necrosis– breast, pancreas, abdomen tissues; cells broken down by lipases; Caseous necrosis– in lung tissue destroyed by TB; Gangrenous necrosis - due to severe hypoxia, especially lower legs; Apoptosis- preprogramed, scattered cell death ie. deletion of embryotic cells after birth |
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