1) gas exchange between atmosphere/tissue

2) body temperature regulation

3) vocalization

where air travels in and out of respiratory system

ex) mouth, nose, trachea, bronchi/bronchioles

normal volume of breath in and out of lungs

avg: 500mL

volume above the TV that one can inspire

avg: 3000mL

volume below the TV that you can blow out of your lungs

avg: 1000mL

lung volume that cannot be expired

avg: 1200mL

controls TV, RR (pacemaker)

focuses on blood/plasma content of CO2, O2, and pH

1) CO2 reacts with H2O in CSF, repiration INcreases

2) if blood CO2 concentration increases:

CSF H+ increases, which stimulates respiration. you then breathe out faster and CO2 levels drop.

O2. receptors in aorta and cartoid arteries detect it.

-pH drops and respiration is stimulated

protein found in red blood cells that carry oxygen

-each HB binds to 4 O2 molecules

low red blood count which leads to low O2 delivery to tissues.

major symptom: easily fatigued

internal respiration:

what's used/produced

where does it take place

production of ATP

uses O2, creates CO2

takes place in mitochondria

external respiration:

where does it take place

involves gas exchange over alveoli

in muscle and lungs

deltaP/R = flow

air flow into lungs caused by drop of internal pressure

air flow out is caused by increased internal pressure

O2 = 100mmHg

CO2 = 40mmHg

O2 = 60mmHg

CO2 = 46mmHg

1) motor pathways stimulate breathing muscles

2) CO2 intially increases and then drops, O2 does not change

3) limb movement increases Ve

peptide or protein hormones:

example?

short proteins that are soluble in blood

ex) insulin (produced by pancreas)

amines

examples?

synthesized from smaller compounds

ex) norepinephrine (noadrenalin)

cholesterol-derived hormones

examples?

steroid hormones, not water soluble, require albumin to move in blood stream

ex) testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

basal level

example?

required level of hormone that must be maintained

ex) insulin. eat a meal, insulin increases in blood, as plasma glucose decreases, so will insulin

hormone regulation

hypo. controls pituitary gland which controls thyroid/endocrine glands which control thyroid stimulating-trophic hormones

1) digestion - break down food

2) absorption - moving nutrients through body

3) motility - muscle contraction (segmention and peristalsis)

connective tissues

gives strength and shape to organ

large blood vessels

located right next to lumen

stomach - secretes digestive enzymes

s. intestine - absorbs nutrients & water

esophagus - protective layer

by SI

fats, large particles, and a low pH all slow the emptying process

site of final digestion and absorption

1) duodenum - 1 ft

2) jejunum - 8 ft

3) ileum - 12 ft

1) ascending colon

2) tranverse colon

3) descending colon

4) sigmoid colon

5) cecum