Term
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Definition
| scientific study of the patterns of growth, change, and stability that occur from conception through adolescence |
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Term
| normative history-graded influences |
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Definition
| biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment |
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Term
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Definition
| ex. of normative history-graded influence |
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Term
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Definition
| biological and environmental influences that are similar for ind. in a particular group, regardless of when or where they are raised |
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Term
| puberty, menopause, entry into formal schooling |
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Definition
| ex. of age-graded influences |
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Term
| social-cultural graded influences |
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Definition
| influences that include ethnicity, social class, subcultural membership, and other factors |
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Definition
| specific, atypical events that occur in a particular person's life |
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Term
| stroke in 30s, death of immediate family member, divorce, economic loss, moving, career change, etc. |
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Definition
| ex. of non-normative life events |
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Term
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Definition
| perspectives: behavior throughout life is motivated by inner, unconscious forces, stemming from childhood, over which we have little control |
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Definition
| major proponents of psychodynamic perspective |
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Definition
| perspective: development can be understood through studying observable behavior and environmental stimuli |
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Term
| B.F. skinner, watson, bandura |
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Definition
| major proponents of behavioral perspective |
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Term
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Definition
| perspectives: emphasis on how changes or growth in the ways people know, understand, and think about the world affect behavior |
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Definition
| major proponents of cognitive perspective |
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Definition
| perspectives: behavior is determined by the relationship b/t individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, social, and physical worlds |
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Definition
| major proponents of contextual perspective |
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Definition
| perspectives: behavior is result of genetic inheritance from our ancestors; natural selection promotes survival of species |
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Definition
| major proponents of evolutionary perspective |
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Term
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Definition
| psychoanalytic: primitve drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, irrational impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| id operates according to ____ principle |
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Term
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Definition
| psychoanalytic: rational and reasonable part of personality |
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Term
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Definition
| ego operates according to ____ principle |
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Term
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Definition
| psychoanalytic: represent's person's conscience, incorporating distinctions b/t right and wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| theory: suggest that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| theory: encompasses changes in the understanding ind. have on their interactions w/ others, of others' behavior, and of themselves as members of society |
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Term
operant conditioning
(b.f. skinner) |
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Definition
| form of learning in which voluntary response is strengthened/weakened, depending on rewards or punishments |
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Term
behavior modification
(stems from operant conditioning) |
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Definition
| formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behavior and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones |
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Term
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Definition
behavioral contingencies:
stimulus + reward |
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Definition
behavioral contingencies:
stimulus + unpleasant stimuli |
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Definition
behavioral contingencies:
stimulus + unpleasant stimuli removed |
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Term
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Definition
behavioral contingencies:
stimulus + remove desired reward |
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Term
reinforcement
(operant conditioning) |
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Definition
| process by which a stimulus is provided; increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated |
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Term
punishment
(operant conditioning) |
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Definition
| introduction of unpleasant/painful stimulus or removal of desirable stimulus; decreases probability that behavior will be repeated |
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Term
social-cognitive learning theory
(bandura) |
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Definition
| theory: emphasizes learning by observing behaviors in the context of society |
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Term
cognitive development
(piaget) |
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Definition
| theory: all people pass in a fixed sequence through a series of universal stages of cognitive development |
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Term
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Definition
| organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounters w/ new stimuli or events |
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Term
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Definition
| perspectives: seek to identify ways ind. takes in, uses, and stores info; brain as computer model |
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Term
social-cognitive
(vygotsky) |
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Definition
| theory: emphasizes how cultural development proceeds as a result of social interactions b/t members of a culture |
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Term
reciprocal transaction
(vygotsky) |
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Definition
| people and setting influence the child, who in turn influences the people and settings |
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Term
bioecological approach
(bronfenbrenner) |
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Definition
| theory: 5 levels of environment that simultaneously influence individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| bioecological: every day, immediate environment in which children lead their lives; most traditional development directed |
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Term
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Definition
| bioecological: provides connections among various aspects of microsystem; binds children to parents, students to teacher |
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Term
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Definition
| bioecological: social institutions, sucha s local government, community, schools, places of worship, local media |
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Term
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Definition
| bioecological: large cultural influences on ind; society, types of gov't, religious and political value systems |
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Term
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Definition
| bioecological: involves way passage of time (historical events) and gradual historical events affect development |
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Term
oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital |
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Definition
| Stages of Psychosexual Development: |
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Term
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Definition
psychosexual dev:
oral stage |
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Term
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Definition
| psychosexual dev: interest in oral gratification; lips and mouth |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| psychosexual dev: eliminatory functions; toilet training |
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Term
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Definition
| psychosexual dev: erogenous zone shifts to genitals and becomes sexual; Oedipus or Electra complex |
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Term
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Definition
| psychosexual dev: latency |
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Term
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Definition
| psychosexual dev: phallic |
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Term
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Definition
| psychosexual dev: dormant sexual impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| psychosexual dev: genital |
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Term
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Definition
| psychosexual dev: primacy of sexual impulses with adolescence and puberty; establish mature sexual relationships |
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Term
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Definition
psychosocial:
trust vs. mistrust |
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Term
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Definition
psychosocial:
autonomy vs. shame and doubt |
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Definition
psychosocial:
initiative vs. guilt |
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Definition
psychosocial:
industry vs. inferiority |
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Definition
psychosocial:
ego identity vs. ego diffusion |
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Definition
psychosocial:
intimacy vs. isolation |
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Definition
psychosocial:
generativity vs. self-absorption |
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Definition
psychosocial:
integrity vs. despair |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive dev: sensorimotor |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive dev: sensory info, simple reflexes, voluntary behaviors |
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Definition
| cognitive dev: preoperational |
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Definition
| cognitive dev: concepts, symbols, magical notions, generalizations |
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Definition
| cognitive dev: concrete operational |
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Definition
| cognitive dev: think logically, classify, math, test it out |
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Term
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Definition
| congnitive dev: formal operational |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive dev: logical and abstract thinking, systematically, project into future, reason, views of others |
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Term
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Definition
| prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested |
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Term
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Definition
| research that seeks to identify whether an association b/t two factors exists |
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Term
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Definition
| observe a naturally occurring behavior w/out intervention in situation |
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Term
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Definition
| extensive, in-depth interviews w/ a particular ind. or group of ind. |
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Term
| psychophysiological methods |
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Definition
| research methods that focus on relationships b/t physiology processes and behavior; ex. EEGs, CT scans, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| designed to discover casual relationships b/t various factors |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior of one or more ind. is measured as the subjects age |
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Term
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Definition
| people of different ages are compared at the same point in time |
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Term
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Definition
| view development as occuring in distinct steps/stages; early literature focus |
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Term
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Definition
| view of development as gradually building behaviors, capabilities, and knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| active development of children is _______, while passive development is _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of people born at around the same time in the same place |
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Term
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Definition
| ex. of sociocultural-graded influence |
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Term
| thorndike's law of effect |
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Definition
| theory: behaviors' consequences determine probability of being repeated - satisfying effect will more likely repeat behavior, discomforting effect will lessen likely occurrence of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of same stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviorism is used with clients with ______ |
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Term
zone of proximal dev.
(vygotsky) |
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Definition
| distance b/t a student's ability to perform a task w/ guidance and student's ability to solve problem independently |
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Term
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Definition
multiple births: odds rise considerable when couples use fertility drugs
_____ vs. _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| study of effects of heredity on behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| development: children seek to interact and change the process |
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Term
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Definition
| development: children react to events, internal drives, external incentives |
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Term
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Definition
| stages of development: discrete periods proposed to have abrupt transitions from one to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| stages of development: gradual building of behaviors, capabilities, and knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| When rewards are given, people work harder when schedule is ______ vs. ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| way in which children respond and adjust to new info |
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Term
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Definition
| social-cognitive theory: learning from a more knowledgeable other is known as _____ |
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