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- Manipulate IV against a comparison (control) group
- Systematic procedure
- Random Assignment
- Causation
- Can be confounding |
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- Don't manipulate IV
- Systematic procedure
- Comparison to other but not randomly assigned
- Can be confounding |
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| A concept or idea used to explain psychological processes |
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| After the fact (ex: surveys, questionnaires) |
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| Experimentation seeks to show ... |
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| people are not just interested in cause and effect, but that take it out into the field |
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| Nominal, Ordinal, Interval/Ratio |
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| Goals of the Scientific Method |
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| Describe, Predict, Explain, apply |
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| studying individuals, not trying to generalize |
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| studying large groups, using statistics to generalize from the sample to the population |
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| Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee |
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| Institutional Review Board |
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| Institutional Review Board |
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Definition
| looks at risk/benefit ratios and alternatives |
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Definition
| autopsy for animals to determine cause of death |
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| Stimuli is presented and a certain behavior is enacted and aversive stimuli is avoided |
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| Informed Consent, Deception and Debriefing |
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Definition
| offshoots of the Stanley Milgram Obedience Study |
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If the risks are greater than the benefits --> NOT APPROVED
If the risks are less than the benefits --> APPROVED |
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Definition
| A person has a right to expect this in certain situations |
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Definition
- Brief description of methodology
- Enough info to make an informed decision
- Participants must be allowed to withdraw |
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Definition
- Brief description of methodology
- Enough info to make an informed decision
- Participants must be allowed to withdraw |
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Definition
| subjects try to figure out what's going on, then they try to conform to this hunch |
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| professors/people within a department and related departments |
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| one individual participates with another within the study |
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Definition
| How feasible to debrief immediately after deception? |
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| Direct Observational Methods |
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Definition
Without Intervention
With Intervention |
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| With Intervention Direct Observational Methods |
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Definition
- Participant Observation
- Structured Observation
- Field Experiment |
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| Without Intervention (Naturalistic Observation) |
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Definition
| watch behavior as it naturally occurs, don't want the observed to know we are there. |
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| behavior and its definition, used to determine how often a behavior occurs (frequency) |
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| Frequency, Duration, Intensity, Latency |
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| Which behavior is observed the most |
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| person changes the way they normally behave if researcher is present |
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| support your own hypothesis by noticing more easily what proves it |
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| Influence results toward a hypothesis |
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| Researcher brings something to the situation (Piaget) |
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Definition
| Have to have two groups playing the part of experimental and control group, going out into the field and randomly assigning |
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Definition
-Physical Traces
-Archives |
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Definition
| For example, cigarette butts as an indication of smoking behavior |
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| public and private documents describing the activities of individuals, groups, institutions, and governments. |
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seek to generate a representation of population
- Time Sample
- Situation Sample
- Event Sample
- Subject Sample |
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| Choosing to observe a situation |
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| When you observe something special at an event (football game) |
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| Probability Sample vs. Non-Probability Sample |
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| Need to define population, need to know the number in population |
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Convenience Sampling (can't generalize to a population)
watch whoever happens to be there
Purposive Sample, go in there with some preformed idea |
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| Techniques for Recording Behavior |
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Definition
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| Narrative Record, Keep a catalog or journal of what you're observing |
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Definition
Response Measures (frequency, latency, Intensity, Duration, Etc.)
Measurement/Rating Scales |
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Term
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Definition
| a whole group of subjects is rapidly scanned, or 'censused' at regular intervals and the behavior of each individual at that instant is recorded |
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Term
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Definition
| watching the whole group and recording each occurrence of a particular type of behavior, together with details of which individuals were involved |
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Definition
| aims to provide an exact and faithful record of the behavior, measuring true frequencies and durations and the times at which behavior patterns stopped and started |
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Definition
| involves sampling the behavior periodically. |
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| successive, short periods of time |
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Definition
| instant of time at the end of each sample interval |
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Definition
| the observation session is divided into short sample intervals, on the instant of each sample point, a record is made of whether or not a given behavior pattern is occurring |
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