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| A member of a radical 16th century reform movement that viewed baptism solely as a witness to the believer's faith; therefore, Anabaptists denied the usefulness of baptism at birth and baptized people mature enough to understand their declaration of faith. |
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| Poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. William Shakespeare's preferred verse style. |
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| A song that is free in form and expressive in nature; a French word meaning song. |
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| Communion: A Christian sacrament in which consecrated bread and wine are consumed as memorials to the death of Christ or in the belief that one is consuming the body and blood of Christ. (An issue Martin Luther had with the Catholic church. He didn't believe the actual body and blood of Christ was present in communion and the practice was just metaphorical) |
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| In music, the relationship between two or more voices that are harmonically interdependent. |
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| A pair of rhyming lines of poetry. |
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| An image created by cutting into or corroding with acid the surface of a metal plate or wooden block, such that a number of prints of the image can be made by pressing paper or paper-like materials against the plate or block. |
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| The name given an audience member at a dramatic event who stands in the pit or ground rather than being seated (because admission is generally less expensive). (Shakespeare's theater patrons) |
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| A poetical metrical scheme with five feet, each of which consists of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. (See "Sonnet 130" ) |
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| A poetical metrical scheme with four feet, each of which consists of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. |
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| Having to do with the destruction or removal of sacred religious images. |
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| According to Roman Catholicism, removal or remission of the punishment that is due in purgatory for sings; the forgiving of sin upon repentance. (see Martin Luther) |
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| A system of organizing space in two-dimensional media in which lines that are in reality parallel and horizontal are represented as converging diagonals; the method is based on foreshortening, in which the space between the lines grows smaller until it disappears, just as objects appear to grow smaller as they become more distant. |
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| God's foreordaining of everything that will happen, and with Calvinism, including the predetermination of salvation. |
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| A verse of poetry with four lines. |
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| A visible sign of inward grade, especially a Christian rite believed to symbolize or confer grace. (See Martin Luther below) |
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| A passage in a play spoken directly to the audience, unheard by other characters, and often used to explain the speaker's motives. (example: Balcony scene in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet below). |
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| A 14-line poem usually broken into an octave (a group of eight lines) and a sestet (a group of six lines); rhyme schemes can vary. |
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| An academic proposition; a proposition to be debated and proved or disproved (plural theses). (example: the 95 Theses Martin Luther posted on the church door about what the purpose of the church should be). (See Martin Luther ) |
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| An early keyboard instrument small enough to be held in the lap of the player. (see example here). |
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| followers of the Christian church that moved away from the Catholic traditions in the 16th century under the Reformation. Some Christian sects branched further away from protestants including Calvinists, Anabaptists, Mennonites and Puritans (America's ancestors). Baptists, however, are not protestants because they formed entirely on their own in America. |
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| A branch of Protestantism that believed in the abolition of statutes and images and the abolition of clerical (priests, bishops, etc.) celibacy. The Calvinist reduced the sacraments to only baptism and communion and had a strong belief in predestination. |
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| King of England during the beginning of the English Renaissance. Alongside Martin Luther's break from the Catholic church, his public divorces led to the establishment of the Church of England with the King being the head of the church. |
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| Queen of England, daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn (charged with witchcraft, divorced, and beheaded), ushered in the greatest artistic and creative time in English history. |
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| Friend of Henry VIII. Henry declared him a heretic after Henry's divorce from his first wife caused a rift between the two friends. Sir Thomas More wrote Utopia about a perfect country with a perfect government, economy, and religion. More was beheaded under Henry's instruction for expressing disagreement with Henry's choice to divorce AND become the head of the new church of England (Anglican). |
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| British scientist who discovered human capillaries (though he didn't know what they were) during the English Renaissance. |
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| Father of Christian Humanism and pen pal of Martin Luther. Their correspondence makes a cornerstone of most Protestant theology to this day. |
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| English composer during the English Renaissance. Made counterpoint voices popular. "Sing We and Chaunt it" is the example song from the readings. |
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| English poet suspected of having a romantic relationship with Anne Boleyn before Henry VIII married her. His song "Greensleeves" is suspected to be about Anne Boleyn spurning his advances. "Whoso List to Hunt?" was his most popular song during his time. |
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| French satirist who wrote an essay called "On Cannibals" as a mock travel diary. In this essay he lists the atrocities of a cannibal tribe from the East, but states their process for eating their dead is much more humane than the torture and death inflicted upon Europe's people. |
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| English composer who used the Virginal as his primary instrument. The Virginal is a new invention during the English Renaissance. |
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| French architect building onto the Louvre in Paris. Converts the battlements of the Louvre into a royal residence. |
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| Arguably the most famous and most popular English writer of all time. Wrote sonnets, plays, and was the first editor of the King James version of the Bible. He widely used blank verse in his poetry and plays. |
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| Contemporary writer with and friend of William Shakespeare. Christopher was the far more academic and well-educated of the two. He died in a knife fight in a tavern brawl. Most famous play was Dr. Faustus, about a man who makes a deal with the devil for universal knowledge. |
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