Term
| Which vitamin structure most closely resembles that of glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship of the RDA for thiamin per 1000 calories |
|
Definition
| 0.5 mg thiamin per 1000 calories |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship of the RDA for niacin per 1000 calories |
|
Definition
| 6.6 mg niacin per 1000 calories |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship of the RDA for riboflavin per 1000 calories |
|
Definition
| 0.6 mg riboflavin per 1000 calories |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship of the RDA for iron per 1000 calories |
|
Definition
| 6.0 mg iron per 1000 calories |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B6 needs to increased as the need for which macronutrient increases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does biotin function as a part of an enzyme in the transferring of carbon dioxide |
|
Definition
| In energy metabolism; the Kreb's cycle |
|
|
Term
| Insufficient intake of what three vitamins is likely to result in increased serum homocysteine levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What emulsifier converts to a phospholipid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the body is beta carotene converted to vitamin A |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which mineral is involved in blood clot formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin K triggers the liver to synthesize which step of the blood-clotting cascade |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the best dietary sources of vitamin K |
|
Definition
| Dark green, leafy vegetables |
|
|
Term
| Identify two possible causes of vitamin K deficiency |
|
Definition
| High doses of antibiotics and long-term diarrhea. Bacteria responsible for the synthesis of vitamin K in the intestinal tract are excreted with diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| What is the biochemical role of pantothenic acid in the body? |
|
Definition
| A constituent of coenzyme A in energy metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What are the best dietary sources of thiamin |
|
Definition
| Pork, wheat germ, and legumes |
|
|
Term
| The dietary deficiency disease megaloblastic or macrocytic anemia is a deficiency of what vitamin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of vitamin E in lipid protection? |
|
Definition
| Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant in lipid protection by preventing oxidation of PUFAs and other lipids |
|
|
Term
| What is the active form of vitamin D |
|
Definition
| 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) is the active form of vitamin D; 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcidol) is the inactive form of D2 |
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol is necessary for proper functioning of the body because it is a precursor to which vitamin |
|
Definition
| Vitamin D; dehydrocholesterol in the skin is synthesized from cholesterol in the presence of UV light |
|
|
Term
| How is the daily requirement of niacin affected by the intake of protein and typtophan |
|
Definition
| There is an inverse relationship of tryptophan to niacin. As protein intake increases, tryptophan increases. Thus the need for niacin decreases as the body is able to make its own niacin. 1 mg niacin = 60 mg tryptophan |
|
|
Term
| What other vitamin is affected when niacin deficiency exists |
|
Definition
| Riboflavin is affected since both are H+ carriers; remember FAD/NAD, "think cousins" |
|
|
Term
| Biotin is considered a coenzyme in which metabolic pathway |
|
Definition
| Fatty acid synthesis; there is significant CO2 transfer activity in putting these long chains together |
|
|
Term
| What vitamin plays a role in collagen formation? |
|
Definition
| Vitamin C, by converting proline to hydroxyproline. The sequence is proline-hydroxyproline-collagen |
|
|
Term
| Identify two key signs of vitamin A deficiency |
|
Definition
| Night blindness and keratinization of the skin |
|
|
Term
| Which two food groups are rich in nutrients that are important in overall cancer prevention |
|
Definition
| Fruits and vegetables; high fiber, vitamins A and C |
|
|
Term
| What vitamin is known to prevent neural tube defects? |
|
Definition
| Folate; legumes are rich source of folic acid. |
|
|
Term
| Resting energy expenditure is affected by |
|
Definition
| Body surface area, body composition, hormonal factors, gender, age, fever, pregnancy, lactation, extremes in environmental temperature |
|
|
Term
| Thiamine pyrophosphate (TTP) is closely linked to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name three recommendations for the prevention of osteoporosis |
|
Definition
| Weight bearing exercise where exercise stimulates bone-forming (osteoblast) activity & moves calcium back into bone. Estrogen and calcium are also known to prevent osteoporosis. |
|
|
Term
| Immobility causes what type of bone activity |
|
Definition
| Increases loss of calcium and protein from the body; stimulates osteoclast activity |
|
|
Term
| Name two or more factors that adversely influence iron absorption |
|
Definition
| Tannins, inorganic acids (tea and coffee) adversely influence iron absorption; calcium supplements or excess milk consumption interfere with iron absorption |
|
|
Term
| Which mineral is involved in the transportation of lipids through the body's lymph and blood systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does gastrin aid in iron absorption |
|
Definition
| Gastrin enhances iron absorption by increasing HCl to the stomach. the conversion of ferric to ferrous iron requires an acidic environment. |
|
|
Term
| Name two minerals widely used in carbohydrate metabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The excess accumulation of iron |
|
|
Term
| What mineral deficiency may lead to hypoguesia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What factor found in meat enhances the absorption of iron from legumes |
|
Definition
| The MFP factor; Meat, Fish, Poultry Factor |
|
|
Term
| Most food iron is in the oxidized form of __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The reduced form of iron is ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the storage form of iron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which serum mineral has the greatest impact on bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name five risk factors for osteoporosis |
|
Definition
| Increasing age, female, North European heritage, immobility, reduced calcium in the diet |
|
|
Term
| Which serum concentration is most important to the deposition of hydroxyapatite in bone matrix |
|
Definition
| A 1:1 ratio of phosphorus and calcium |
|
|
Term
| Which mineral interferes with the absorption of iron? |
|
Definition
| zinc, iron and zinc compete for transport |
|
|
Term
| The lack of which mineral has an effect on carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two nutrients are a part of the glucose tolerance factor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which minerals functions include the control of the rhythm/contraction of the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify four sources of oxalic acid |
|
Definition
| Chocolate, cranberries, rhubarb, and spinach |
|
|
Term
| Oxalic acid is known to bind with which mineral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary function of flouride |
|
Definition
| Flouride is helpful in preventing dental caries in children and adults |
|
|
Term
| Name two minerals important for energy production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify which areas of the country have a high iodine content in the soil |
|
Definition
| Those geographical areas influenced by sea water at one time in history; coastal areas |
|
|
Term
| What is the process by which sodium is transported |
|
Definition
| Active transport which requires energy |
|
|
Term
| What are the best food sources of phosphorus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which calcium supplement contains the most calcium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ion is found in intracellular fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ion is found in extracellular fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name four nutrients found in broccoli |
|
Definition
| vitamin A, vitamin C, potassium, calcium |
|
|
Term
| Name the sulfur-containing amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non-fat, dried milk powder is rich in what nutrient |
|
Definition
| Potassium, 3.2 oz provides 1552 mg |
|
|
Term
| At what age does the AI for calcium change for children from 800 to 1300mg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a prolonged fasting or starvation state, what does the brain rely upon to meet its energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone regulates sodium reabsorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the limiting amino acid in grains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the limiting amino acid in legumes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What age group has the highest protein need based on kilograms of bodyweight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone stimulates protein synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which macronutrient increases serotonin release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify four factors that affect nitrogen balance negatively. |
|
Definition
| illness, weight loss, immobilization, wasting disease |
|
|
Term
| Which food is designated as the protein standard |
|
Definition
| Egg; also categorized high-biological value protein |
|
|
Term
| The ability to absorb intact proteins occurs at what life stage? |
|
Definition
| A newborn has the ability to absorb intact proteins. |
|
|
Term
| ___ is the pressure at the capillary membrane caused by dissolved protein in the plasma |
|
Definition
| Oncotic or colloidal pressure |
|
|
Term
| Pepsin and trypsin are needed for the hydrolysis of which macronutrient |
|
Definition
| Peptide bonds to form polypeptides and amino acids |
|
|
Term
| Which food product has the greatest protein digestibility coefficient |
|
Definition
| milk, it is completely digested without waste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glucose, fructose, galactose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sucrose, lactose, maltose |
|
|
Term
| When aspartame is used in a product, what must be on the label? |
|
Definition
| contains phenylalanine; necessary for individuals with PKU |
|
|
Term
| What is the average consumption of fiber per day by healthy adults in the US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the recommended amount of fiber for a healthy adult per day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name one dairy-based food a lactose intolerant person can tolerate |
|
Definition
| parmesean cheese- lactose in whey is lost during processing |
|
|
Term
| Appetite is controlled by what center in the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Impaired kidney function can cause what type of abnormal fluid shift |
|
Definition
| Fluid shift from the interstitial spaces to the plasma resulting in circulatory congestion |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the hormone glucagon |
|
Definition
| Converts glycogen to glucose |
|
|
Term
| Which organ produces the enzyme lactose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two organs release lipase for fat digestion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is the mechanism for carrier-facilitated absorption from higher to lower concentration, utilized by water-soluble nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gastric proteolysis requires what substance in order to convert proteins to peptides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of fatty acids are carried by chylomicrons to the lymphtic system and are NOT absorbed in the portal system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which oil is highest in monosaturated fatty acids |
|
Definition
| Olive oil(77%) and canola oil (43%) |
|
|
Term
| Which oil is highest in polyusaturated fatty acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify four states wherein ketone bodies are produces |
|
Definition
| uncontrolled diabetes, starvation, fasting, decreased carbohydrate intake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first step in the digestion of triglycerides |
|
Definition
| lingual lipase splits some fatty acids from triglycerides to form diglycerides |
|
|
Term
| What is the target organ for the hormone cholecystokinin |
|
Definition
| the gallbladder bile is released in response to this hormone |
|
|
Term
| when isocaloric amounts of omega-3 fatty acids are substituted for saturated fatty acids, what change in lipid profile usually occurs |
|
Definition
| decrease in triglycerides with little change in total cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| What three vitamins are needed for the end product of glycolysis to enter the Kreb's cycle for energy transformation |
|
Definition
| Niacin, thiamin, riboflavin |
|
|
Term
| Indirect calorimetry measures energy expenditure by what process |
|
Definition
| Amount of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide released |
|
|
Term
| Identify the only endocrine and exocrine gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fatty acids cannot increase blood glucose level due to what irreversible step at the entrance of the Kreb's cycle |
|
Definition
| The step of pyruvate to acetyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| Lipolysis and gluconeogenesis are stimulated by which three hormones |
|
Definition
| Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucagon |
|
|
Term
| What is the most practical way to determine energy balance |
|
Definition
| Monitor bodyweight for gain or loss |
|
|
Term
| What is the source of energy used by the brain after prolonged starvation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most variable factor in determining calorie requirement |
|
Definition
| Body size, dependent on sex and age |
|
|
Term
| Which hormone has the greatest affect on BMR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone inhibits gluconeogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone promotes glucogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recycles lactic acid to glucose |
|
|
Term
| Tissue deprived of oxygen during exercise has an accumulation of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the specific dynamic action/thermal effect of food? |
|
Definition
| The energy expended when food is digested absorbed and metabolized |
|
|
Term
| Food labels must list which nutrients other than fuel nutrients |
|
Definition
| iron, vitamin a, sodium, calcium, vitamin c |
|
|
Term
| What replaced the US RDA on food labels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The calorie content of a food must be reduced by what percent in order to be classified as a "reduced calorie food" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council |
|
Definition
| Acts as an advisory board on nutrition to US agencies and establishes the RDA |
|
|
