Term
| What must be compromised if bugs were to enter? |
|
Definition
| skin and mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
| What line of defense is specific? |
|
Definition
| third ( first and second are nonspecific ) |
|
|
Term
| TF Nonspecific will attack with the same intensity every time it attacks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the nonspecific host defense mechanisms? 6 |
|
Definition
| mechanical/physical barriers, chemical factors, microbial antagonism by normal flora, fever, inflammatory response, phagocytic white blood cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the first line of defense? |
|
Definition
| skin and mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
| What are the chemical factors of skin and mucous membranes? |
|
Definition
| dryness, acidity, fatty acids, perspiration, and mucous |
|
|
Term
| What do you find in mucous membranes? |
|
Definition
| tons of antibacterials (lysozyme, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidases |
|
|
Term
| what are all the "first line of defense" |
|
Definition
| skin and mucous membranes, respiratory system, digestive system, GI tract, microbial antagonism |
|
|
Term
| What structures in the respiratory system help it to be a first line of defense |
|
Definition
| hair, mucous membranes, sinuses, cilia, phagocytes, lysozymes |
|
|
Term
| What helps the stomach be a first line of defense? 4 things |
|
Definition
| digestive enzymes, acidity of stomach, alkalinity of intestines, bile |
|
|
Term
| What helps the GI trat be a first line of defense |
|
Definition
| flushing by urine, acidity of vagina |
|
|
Term
| What does microbial antagonism do? |
|
Definition
| prevents the colonization of new arrivals |
|
|
Term
| What does microbial antagonism create? |
|
Definition
| competition for colonization sites |
|
|
Term
| What produces bateriocins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define second line of defense (still nonspecific immunity) |
|
Definition
| cellular, chemical responses |
|
|
Term
| What can be a symptom of the second line of defense? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are interferons produced? and what are they |
|
Definition
| second line of defense, they are a class of molecules that all tissue can produce for defense |
|
|
Term
| When is the complement system activated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does inflammation occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do phagocytes undergo chemotaxis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does phagocytosis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What synthesizes transferrin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stores and delivers iron to cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hold iron hostage and deprives pathogen of it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates activity of WBCs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What reduces plasma iron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical messengers that coordinates immune response that tells there is a problem |
|
|
Term
| What slows down and kills pathogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the achey feeling when you're sick? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small, antiviral proteins (made in response to a viral cell) |
|
|
Term
| What produces interferons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two things do interferons prevent? |
|
Definition
| virus replication in non-infected cells and the spread of the virus |
|
|
Term
| What is the complement system? |
|
Definition
| a group of ~30 proteins in blood plasma that complements specific activity of the immune system |
|
|
Term
| What is the complement cascade? |
|
Definition
| The interaction of the 30 proteins occurs in a stepwise manner |
|
|
Term
| What are the major consequences of the complement system? |
|
Definition
| initiation and amplification of inflammation, attraction of phagocytes to sites where they are needed, activation of leukocytes, lysis of bacteria and other foreign cells, increaesd phagocytosis by phagocytic cells |
|
|
Term
| Where do you find acute phase proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do acute phase proteins do? |
|
Definition
| enhance resistance to infection. They increase in response to infection, inflammation, tissue damage |
|
|
Term
| What do acute phase proteins promote? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is C-reactive protein |
|
Definition
| It helps to intensify the preparation process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| help to coordinate the response of the immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical messengers released from many types of cells |
|
|
Term
| What allows cells to communicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes some type of response in the cell sensing the it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| response to local injury, irritation, microbial invasion, or bacterial toxins |
|
|
Term
| What are the three major events of inflammation? |
|
Definition
| increase in capillary diameter, increased permeability of capillaries, egress of leukocytes |
|
|
Term
| What helps to keep infection localized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What prevents the spread of microbial invaders? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what aids in tissue repair |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surrounding and ingesting foreign material |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 granulocytes? |
|
Definition
| neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Really agressive, they do better than PMNs. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 steps to phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
| chemotaxis, attachment, ingestion, digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 ways to avoid phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
| capsules, leukocidin, waxes in cell walls, inactivate phagolysosome, prevent fusion of lysosome and phagosome |
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