Term
| General Mining Law of 1872 NEGATIVES |
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Definition
-buy land for very very low prices (inflation not accounted for)
-no royalties needed for hardrock mining
-no requiring environmental cleanup |
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Term
| General Mining Law of 1872 POSITIVES |
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Definition
+high paying jobs
+vital resources
+stimulate economies |
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Term
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Definition
| deposits of a nonrenewable mineral resource with known location, quantity, quality |
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Term
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Definition
| potential supplies of a nonrenewable mineral resource assumed to exist base on theory |
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Term
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Definition
| identified resources from which a usable nonrenewable mineral can be extracted profitably |
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Term
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Definition
-hydrothermal ore deposits
-black smokers
-manganese nodules |
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Term
| hydrothermal ore deposits |
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Definition
| -divergent and convergent boundaries yield magma; sea water hits magma and become super heated and dissolves metals from rock or maga, cooling down to form ores |
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Term
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Definition
mini volcanoes that shoot jets of hot, black, mineral rich water through vents in solidified magma on the seafloor;
Hot water hits cold sea water, and metal sulfides precipitate out and accumulate |
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Term
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Definition
| small rocks containing 30-40% manganese by weight and small amounts of iron, copper, and nickel |
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Term
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Definition
| sediments settle out on basis of density when the stream current settles down |
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Term
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Definition
| fairly rich deposits of particles accumulated over time through sedimentary sorting |
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Term
| evaporite mineral deposits |
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Definition
| mineral-containing groundwater flow into lakes with no outlets; water evaporates, leaving precipitates that accumulate over time |
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Term
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Definition
| weathering by water dissolve and remove soluble metals, leaving ions of insoluble compounds behind |
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Term
| How are buried mineral deposits found? (6) |
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Definition
-radiation measuring
-magnetometer
-gravimeter
-deep well core samples
-seismic surveys
-chemical analysis |
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Term
| Which type of mining is worse for environment? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| soil and rock that's not what you're mining |
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Term
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Definition
| overburden discarded as waste |
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Term
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Definition
| chain buckets and draglines scraped along underwater floor |
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Term
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Definition
-fairly flat terrain, strip cut and mineral dug out
-fill with overburden, new cut made parallel and repeat
-spoil banks |
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Term
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Definition
| highly erodible hills of rubble |
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Term
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Definition
used on hilly or mountainous terrain
-terraces cut, overburden removed, resource extracted, overburden dumped on one below
-highwall |
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Term
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Definition
| highly erodible bank of soil and rock on a slope |
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Term
| Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 |
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Definition
| Requires mining companies to restore most surface mined land |
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Term
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Definition
| remove coal and ores too deep; disturbs much less land, less waste material -- BUT hazardous for human workers |
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Term
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Definition
| waste material from ore extracted |
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Term
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Definition
| piles of waste gangue, which can leach |
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Term
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Definition
| when a mineral becomes more expensive to find, extract, transport, and process than it's worth |
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Term
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Definition
| time it takes to use up certain proportion (80%) of reserves of a given mineral |
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Term
| reserve-to-production ratio |
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Definition
| number of years that proven reserves of nonrenewable will last at current annual production rates |
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Term
| United States, Germany, and Russia |
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Definition
| with only 8% of world's population, consume 75% of world's most widely used metals |
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Term
| Sagebrush Rebellion and anti-environmental Wise-Use movement |
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Definition
| Extractors want Congress to open up valuable preserved land for mining |
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Term
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Definition
| silicon and new materials, incl ceramics and plastics |
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Term
| percent energy use in world from nonrenewable resources |
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Definition
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Term
| percent energy used in US from nonrenewable |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| amount of usable high-quality energy available from a given quantity of an energy resource |
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Term
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Definition
| raw materials in many products |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| thick, distilled from oil shale by heating it in a large container |
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Term
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Definition
| mixture of clay, sand, water, and bitumen |
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Term
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Definition
| mostly too deep underground to be economic to use; high-sulfur |
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Term
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Definition
| dirtiest, but also most abundant fossil fuel |
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Term
| Date in US since last nuclear powerplant built |
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Definition
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Term
| breeder nuclear fission reactors |
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Definition
| generate more nuclear fuel than consumed by cnverting nonfissionable uranium 238 to plutonium 239 |
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