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Definition
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Definition
| verified data do not fit the model |
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Definition
| Change the model to fit the data like a geocentric model |
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| Germ theory of disease Before change |
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Definition
| illness and death are associated with personal quality |
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Term
| Germ theory of disease after the change |
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Definition
| diseases like tuberculosis are caused by infectious agents (aka germs) |
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| Peptic Ulcers are caused by bacterial infection Before change |
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Definition
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Term
| Peptic Ulcers are caused by bacterial infection after change |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the death of cells that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development. Also called programmed cell death . |
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Definition
| Before change – some cancers respond to treatment, some don’t |
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Definition
| non-responsive cancers have their pathway of apoptosis blocked |
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Term
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Definition
Begin with a model that explains an event or set of events
Add new information
Recognize conflicts between new data and current model
Assess data for accuracy
Assess model for accuracy
Crisis of the model – verified data do not fit the model
Paradigm shift – Change the model to fit the data |
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Definition
| The degree to which (or speed at which) a tumor grows and spreads. |
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Definition
| A lack of differentiation. Thus, an anaplastic cancer is highly undifferentiated and usually very aggressive. |
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Definition
| Noncancerous. Thus, a benign tumor is unable to spread to adjacent tissues or to metastasize. |
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Definition
| An agent that causes cancer. |
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Definition
| Cancerous cells that are still contained within the tissue where they have started to grow and that have not yet become invasive or spread to other parts of the body. |
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Definition
| Complete elimination of the cancer with the result that the specific cancer will not grow bac |
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Definition
| The extent to which the cancerous cells resemble normal cells—less resemblance means the cancer is less differentiated and more aggressive. |
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Definition
| The capacity of a cancer to infiltrate and destroy surrounding tissue. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Cancerous cells that have spread to a completely new location |
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Definition
| General term for a tumor, whether cancerous or noncancerous. |
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Term
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Definition
| (relapse): Cancerous cells return after treatment, either in the primary location or as metastases (spread). |
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Definition
| Absence of all evidence of a cancer after treatment. |
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Definition
| The percentage of people who survive for a given time period after treatment (for example, the 5-year survival rate is the percentage of people who survive 5 years). |
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Definition
| An abnormal growth or mass. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymphoma and Leukemia,Sarcoma,Carcinoma |
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Term
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Definition
| cancer of blood cells and cells of the immune system |
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Definition
| cancer of cells of mesoderm origin that form muscles and connective tissue. Examples are smooth muscle of the digestive tract and bone cancer |
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Definition
| cancer of epithelial cells that cover body surfaces and glands. Examples are skin, lung, prostate, breast. |
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Term
| Development and Spread of cancer |
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Definition
| Cancerous cells develop from healthy cells in a complex process called malignant transformation. |
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Term
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Definition
| the first changes of genetic material (DNA) inside of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| enhance the ability of a cell with altered DNA to become cancerous |
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Definition
| have no effect on normal cells with normal DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of cancerous cells to other areas of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
Pain
Bleeding
Weight Loss and Fatigue
Swollen Lymph Nodes
Depression
Neurologic and Muscular Symptoms
Respiratory Symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
Screening
To detect the possibility of a cancer
Comparatively inexpensive
Results must be confirmed or disproved with diagnostic testing |
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Term
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Definition
| Pap, Mammogram, rectal exam, colonoscopy |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| x ray, tomography, ultrasound, MRI |
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Term
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Definition
Invasive
Collect a small amount of suspected cancerous tissue
Analyze tissue for cancer cells by microscopic examination and molecular examination. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surgery, Radiation Therapy, Chemotherapy |
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Term
| Other forms of treatment of cancer |
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Definition
| Immunotherapy, Combination Therapy, Alternative |
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Term
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Definition
Physical removal of a tumor
Effective if the cancer has not spread to a lymph node
If tumor has metastasized, surgery might be used to reduce the size of the tumor
Some cancers are not accessible for surgery, so radiation and/or chemotherapy would be used. |
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Term
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Definition
Radiation kills cells that divide rapidly (cancer cells
Some types of cancer are not effectively killed by radiation
Different forms of radiation treatment
Beam of energy
Radioactive molecules are injected
Radioactive molecules are implanted |
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Term
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Definition
Using drugs that preferentially kill cancer cells
Using drugs to prevent tumor growth by preventing new blood vessel growth (aka angiogenesis)
Side effects – these drugs are lethal to cancer cells because they are toxic, thus they are toxic to non-cancer cells.
Nausea, vomiting
Infections
Hair loss
Increased risk of other cancers |
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Term
| Measures known to reduce the risk of cancer: |
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Definition
Avoiding smoking or exposure to tobacco smoke
Avoiding occupational carcinogens (for example, asbestos)
Avoiding prolonged exposure to sunlight without sunscreen protection
Avoiding excessive alcohol intake
Avoiding use of hormone therapy (for example, estrogen and progesterone for symptoms of menopause |
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Term
| Measures that may reduce the risk of cancer: |
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Definition
Limiting intake of high-fat foods, particularly from animal sources (for example, high-fat meats and whole-fat dairy products)
Increasing intake of fruits and vegetables
Being physically active
Keeping weight below the obese level |
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Term
| Immune system recognition |
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Definition
| identify foreign proteins (non-self proteins). Your immune system recognizes all of the proteins in your own body. |
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Term
| Immune system Activation and Mobilization – |
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Definition
white blood cells are like watch dogs: they do almost nothing until they see/smell something they don’t recognize.
Then they become “activated” |
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Term
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Definition
| the aggressive immune response is controlled to destroy invading pathogens and minimize harm to the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| activated cells are either destroyed (by apoptosis) or turned off (to become memory cells). |
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Term
| Innate Immunity White Blood Cells |
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Definition
| Monocytes, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Natural killer cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| which develop into macrophages) - phagocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| A white blood cell that ingests and kills bacteria and other foreign cells. |
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Definition
| A white blood cell that kills bacteria, that kills other foreign cells too big to ingest, that may help immobilize and kill parasites, that participates in allergic reactions, and that helps destroy cancer cells. |
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Definition
| A white blood cell that releases histamine (a substance involved in allergic reactions) and that produces substances to attract other white blood cells (neutrophils and eosinophils) to a trouble spot. |
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Definition
| destroys cells of the body that have been infected |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymphocytes, B and T, Antibodies, specific for a pathogen |
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Definition
Itchy eyes
Runny nose
Itchy skin
Sneezing
Some rashes |
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Term
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Definition
Medical history – doctor asks questions
Blood test – measure the concentration of eosinophils in the blood
Skin test (aka “scratch test”) |
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Term
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Definition
Antihistamine – drugs that prevent the release of histamine. These drugs relieve minor allergy symptoms.
Histamine is a chemical released by mast cells in the presence of the allergen. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that is produced by B cells and that interacts with a specific antigen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any substance that the immune system recognizes and that can stimulate an immune response. |
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Term
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Definition
| A white blood cell that produces antibodies specific to the antigen that stimulated their production. |
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Term
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Definition
| The smallest unit of a living organism, composed of a nucleus and cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane. |
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Definition
| the process of using a chemical substance to attract cells to a particular site. |
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Definition
| Proteins secreted by cells that act as the immune system's messengers and that help regulate an immune response. |
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Definition
| A cell that is derived from white blood cells, resides in tissues, and helps T cells recognize foreign antigens. |
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Definition
Movement and transport
Signaling
Enzymes – catalyze chemical reactions
Provide structure
Contraction
Defensive actions
Storage |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Parasites |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria and fungus that live (colonize) on body surface |
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Term
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Definition
| is a serious infection of the intestine that is caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae and that causes severe diarrhea. |
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