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Definition
| The top down encouragement of democratic development in a country. International institutions and democratic preconditions. Dimitrova and Pridham - democracy promotion through integration into international or regional organizations. |
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| Democratization by Design |
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Definition
| Dimitrova and Pridham - top down promotion which attempts to emulate past experiences and successes. Is active, direct, and deliberate. Different from democratization through integration which focuses on incorporation into IOs. Traditional method of creating democracy. |
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| Wintrobe--the insecurity dictators face because of variable popular and small group support. Concern about being overthrown. Comes from inability to know the opinions of the populous (no popular election). People oppress their opinions which frightens the dictator. |
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| Wintrobe--classifying dictators based upon degree of loyalty/popularity and degree of repression. Defined as low level of repression and high level of loyalty. "Benevolent Dictator" who maximizes welfare for citizens. Altruism is their claimed ambition; but this is not true. Other categories defined by repression and popularity/loyalty are: totalitarians, tinpots, tyrants. |
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| Wintrobe--the collection of revenues and their dissipation in the form of economic rents. Appeases and generates support. Basis of neo-patrimonial system. Dictators do this by force and give specifically by labor, capital, race, creed or ideology. |
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| Gandhi and Prezworski--assumption: a state always attempts to maximize its output to ensure max amount of rents received. Requires cooperation. Resource rich states do not need cooperation. Gandhi and Prezworski find the opposite of the above. Rentier states do not need cooperation; they make policy concessions when threatened. Durability depends on patronage and coercion. |
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| McFaul--represents post-communist impositions of transition from the top leads to dictatorship vice democracy. assumption: transitions can take many forms. Examples: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Belarus. None of these states pushed for independence/liberalization. Elections did not include liberalism, distribution of power favored regime/elite. No democratic challengers. This type of transition occurs after democratization from the top fails. McFaul--Fourth wave of democratization as unequal distribution of power(ancient elite maintain hegemony over people ensuring authoritarianism). |
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| Quinlivan--structures that minimize the chances of small groups taking over vital parts of government eventually displacing the ruling power. Quinlivan focuses on institutional influence(groups loyal to regime, parallel military orgs, miltiple security agencies). Costly process. Ex: Saddam's Iraq, Al-Asad's Syria, and Saudi Arabia. |
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| Quinlivan--a step to coup proofing. Consists of family, ethnic, and religious loyalties in critical positions. Middle East this is done by building loyalty and mobilizing groups that are willing to work together. |
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| Democracy Without Democrats |
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Definition
| McFaul--a transition in which there is a balance of power between supporters and opponents of the authoritarian regime. Neither side can achieve its desired goal so there is compromise. Forms checks and balances. Ideas, norms and beliefs about democracy played a very minor role in third wave. |
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| McFaul--pacts critical to set of actors that seek to limit the agenda of policy choice, share proportionately the benefits, restrict outside participation. Basis of Third Wave. Common political tool of soft-liners. Eliminate uncertainty and fears of instability. Critical to Third Wave. |
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| McFaul--the idea that choices made at a critical time influence the course of regime formation. O'Donnell, Schmitter and Huntington these choices are made by hard-liners, soft-liners, moderates and radicals. Most common path=soft-liners set terms of transition. Third Wave, deals between soft liners and moderates determine outcomes. Revolutionary regime change is led by instabiltiy. |
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| The Third Wave of Democratization |
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Definition
| McFaul--Latin America and Africa during the 1960's and 70's. Balance of power between supporters of democracy and supporters of authoritarianism. Democracy Without democrats. |
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| Dimitrova and Pridham--requirements for the integration of Easter Europe and former Warsaw Pact countries into the European Union. Requirements based on conditionality and liberalization and democracy of respective states which seek alliance. Set in 1993 European Council formed preconditions for EU. |
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| Roy--combination of western values and ideas to forma a hybrid regime. Defined by a market oriented economy, paternalistic authoritarianism, communitarian society that conforms to group interest over individual rights. Arguable the most stable type of Authoritarianism. EX: Singapore, China |
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| Diamond/Dahl--broad term used to describe the characteristics necessary for democracy. Characteristics: 1)free fair competitive elections, 2)freedoms/liberties 3)alternative sources of information 4)Alternative information sources 5)institutions ensuring government accountability and equal representation. |
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| Electoral Authoritarianism |
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Definition
| Diamond--AKA "pseudo democracy." Existence of formally democratic political institutions such as multiparty electoral competition and legislatures which mask the reality of authoritarian dominations. Lacks open free and fair contestation. Victory requires mobilization, unity, skill and heroism greater than what is required in democracy. Mix of democratic and authoritarian elements. |
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| Authoritarian Competitiveness |
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Definition
| Diamond--degree to which political contestation is developed and utilized. Arenas include: media, legislature, elections and judiciary. In a competative Authoritarian regime strong parliamentary opposition exists. Hegemonic Electoral Authoritarianism allows for single party parliament. |
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| Schedler--attempt by authoritarian regimes to interrupt/engineer authoritarian elections. Keep elected oficials from acquiring power. Domains cot elected officials off from high decision makers. Forces a disruption in the chain of democratic choice hindering democratic development. "Fence off" strategies use the military to limit policy options. EX: Guatemala '80's, Chile after Pinochet, Turkey. |
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Term
| Informal Disenfranchisement |
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Definition
| Schedler--method of undermining authoritarian elections by controlling the composition of the electorate by formal and informal means. Formal means are more difficult because they draw attention from international community and usually do not find favor domestically. Informal means include ethnic cleansing, persecution, physical elimination, forced displacement of certain groups of people. Could also lead to the manipulation of voters, adding/deleting names from ballot. |
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| Dictablanda vs. Democradura |
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Definition
| Diamond-- represent the different outcomes that can occur as a result of regime transition. O'Donnel and Schmitter point out the uncertainty and variation in these oucomes. Three outcomes: Democracy, Dictablanda(liberalized authoritarian regime), and Democradura (liberal democracy). |
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| Hard-liners vs. Soft-liners |
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Definition
| McFaul--during 3rd Wave. Hard-liners(came from current regime, military, or contemporary elite). Soft-liners(internal reformers). Soft-liners make concessions to moderates and then offer concessions to hard-liners. This sometimes leads to violence according to Zielinski. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lust-Okar--help for favors. help getting permits and contracts approved. Lust-Okar described how Jordinians only voted for those who gave the best wasta. Forms patronage not policy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dem that does not arise from within a population, but is formed by the intervention of outside sources. Used when discussing former communist states in E. Europe and Central Asia. Western govts are often accused of helping create these. |
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| number of revolutions in the former USSR that resulted in democratic or more liberal governments in the late'90s and early 2000's. EX: Georgia, Serbia, and Ukraine. Grass roots, youth driven, catchy slogans, identifying colors, use of technology. |
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Definition
| party bureaucracy, not a single patron acts in an organized manner to infiltrate the state machine with party devotees and distribute favors to party clients. |
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| Institutionalized Dictatorship |
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Definition
| Gandhi and Przeworski--dictators allow institutions as a form of compromise. Legislatures, parties, and elections all institutions; form under watch of dictator. Internal regulation in institutions. Institutions formed to thwart rebellion and mobilize cooperation. Reasons why partial democracies do not become full democracies: 1)incumbent does not lose power, 2)concessions do not encourage open decision making, 3)legislative process can be reversed by the dictator. |
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| Gandhi and Przeworski--allowing certain popular reforms to occur that are not along the current regime strategy. This and rent distribution prevent rebellion. The stronger the opposition, the more the dictator will do to stay in power. Institutions are needed for these to be implemented. |
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| Gandhi and Przeworski--the use of political party to prevade, penetrate and control aspects of society. Cooperation is rewarded with advancement and privileges. |
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| Levitsky and Way--Undergirding system utilized by authoritarian states for the maintenance of elite and popular support with financial means. Authoritarian systems weaken as cost becomes too high. |
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| Bratton and Van de Walle--Chief executive mantains authority through personal patronage rather than ideology or law. Relationships of loyalty and dependence are present throughout the governmental system. Bureaucracy looks to satisfy personal wealth and not greater good. |
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| Competative Authoritarianism |
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Definition
| Levitsky and Way--Formal democratic institutions obtain and exercise political authority. Will not meet standards for democracy because democratic criteria is violated so frequently. Diminished AUTHORITARIANISM. |
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| Levitsky and Way--Set of standards that limit membership to certain groups or organizations. Regulations that are enacted by internal financial institutions after the Cold War. |
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| Levitsky and Way--the ability for the current government to engage in large-scale fraud. Normally limited by international observance. |
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| Gallagher--in china, the ability to reform the economy without sacrificing political control. Also reduces societal resistance to reform. |
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| Elisabeth Wood--an alliance between economic elites and regime elites because of non-market regulation. Result may be extreme and racially coded inequality. Economic elites prefer to retain the largest profit whereas regime elites prefer to capture resources for the state. Elites join against mobilization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wood--Leads to democracy(S. Africa, Salvador). Some popular mobilization strengthens regime. |
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Term
| Insurgent Path to Democracy |
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Definition
| Wood--Caused by Three processes: 1)Political mobilization fostered by political and economic exclusion/insurgency. 2)Economic Elites consider compromise because of insurgency. 3)Political bargains undergirding insurgent institutions by including the insurgents in policy process. |
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| Bermeo--Elites that have the power to stop democratic transition. Two choices: 1)oppose transition, 2)allow transition. Make choice based upon cost. Most will choose repression over democracy. They may allow the transition if they are not worried about democracy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bermeo--Spain 1976; allows for a restructuring of the old Franco regime in Spain. Example of when pivotal elites believe the extremists will not win a democracy. In this case many of the elites in the regime were able to win positions in the new, democratic Spain. |
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Definition
| Kuran--Public preferences are interdependent(equilibrium of public opposition dependent upon underlying individual characteristics). |
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| Predictability of Unpredictability |
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Definition
| Kuran--political revolutions will continue to suprise us. Can be falsified by presenting and accurate prediction. preference falsification was not a factor in unanticipated revolutions of the past (also falsifies). |
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| Kuran--public opinion slowly grows against the ruling power and then explodes against the ruling regime abruptly. Does not necessarily mean that there are deep underlying historical factors that led to the revolution. |
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| Kuran--slight shift leads to explosive public opposition growth. An even that caused a revolution may have caused no real change in a different setting . |
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| Kuran--misconceptions concerning distributions of individual characteristics. People alienated from the communist regime did not know how widely their alienation was shared--they lacked reliable, current info on how many of their fellow citizens favored a change in the regime. |
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| Kuran--the point where the external cost of joining the opposition and the internal cost of preference falsification meet. This varies from person to person. |
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| Kuran--private vs. public. The way a person conveys they feel in public is actually contrary or different to the way the feel in private. If this was not present in Eastern Europe in the late 1980's, the communist regime would have collapsed much earlier than '89. |
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| Kuran--revolutions are propelled by economic disappointments(not fulfilling promises). This theory does not predict or explain but is a factor in every revolution in history. Charles Till--Say that France was an outlier because the public discontent was linked the the massive violence. |
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| Kuran--mass supported seizure of power that aims to transform social order. |
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| Kuran--mass supported seizure of power that aims to transform social order. |
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| Way--the ability of those in power to remain in power(shape political outcomes). Could be democratic or authoritarian. Three dimensions: 1)authoritarian state power, 2)elite organization, 3)know how. |
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