reservoir= birds

vector= mosquitos

REservoir= birds

vector= mosquitos

REservoir= chipmunks, squirrels, and rabbits

Vector= Aedes triseriatus (mosquito)

What is characteristic of the Reoviruses?

What are the 4 that affect humans?

Virion has a double shell structure.

Orthoreovirus, Rotavirus, Coltivirus, Orbivirus

Tick is the vector

Small mammals are the reservoir.

Patients

Intervention

Comparison

Outcome

What drug is a broad spectrum antiseizure medication?  

Black box warning: Can cause hepatitis, teratogenicity and pancreatitis

Valproic acid

Blocks GABA-T.

GABA-T breaks down GABA

Phenytoin is given orally.

Fosphenytoin is given IV.  When giving Fosphenytoin u should give it in Phenytoin Equivalents (PE) to avoid confusion.

most common= trauma

Most common spontaneous cause= ruptured berry aneurysm

CN VI

LR6 SO4 AO3

CN IV

LR6 SO4 AO3

CN III

LR6 SO4 AO3

Superior orbital fissure

Foramen Rotundum

Foramen Ovale

"Standing Room Only"

simple partial= no alteration in consciousness

complex partial= alteration in consciousness

Which of these is preceeded by an aura?

Focal or generalized seizure

Focal seizure

General have no aura

inhibitory.

Lets K+ leave the postsynaptic neuron.

______ is a glutamate analog found in marine algae that can be concentrated by shellfish in certain environmental conditions. This leads to neuron excitability and can cause seizures and amnesia by affecting the hippocampus.

Presynaptic neuron:  Ca accumulates causing more glutamate release

Synapse:  Extra glutamate and K causing K to not leave cells and depolarizing neighboring cells

Post-synaptic neuron:  Ca enters trough NMDA glutamate channels.

High Ca in the cells leading to the activation of enzymes that degrade the cell.

Free radicals

Apoptosis

Na builds up in the cell and can cause it to burst.

Increased protein

decreased glucose

lymphocytes

prevent: cook pork

Diagnose: eggs in shit

treat: praziquantel

Prevent: wash hand, dont drink bad water

diagnose: CT, MRI, biopsy, immunoblot

treatment: praziquantel

prevention: wash hands after cleaning litter box, cook meat

diagnosis: IgG, IgM, or IGA antibodies. also PCR

treatment: pyrimethamine and sulphadiazine

Ceftriaxone(Strep pneumo or Neisseria meningitidis) + Vancomycin (resistant Strep pneumo)+Dexamethasone

Maybe Ampicillin (Listeria monocytogenes)

antiviral.

needs an enzyme from the virus to be activated so it only affects infected cells.  Inhibits their DNA synthesis.

Group of antifungals that all end in -fungins

Azole antifungals

Inhibit fungal cytochrome P450 enzymes

lots of nephrotoxicity (renal failure), phlebitis (vein inflamation), fever, chills

less side effects.

antibacterial

Inhibits protein metabolism by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit.

kids under 8 and pregnant chicks

Makes ur teeth all grey/black (phototoxic reaction)

phototoxic= sun hits drug in skin and is toxic, causes sunburn

Photoallergic= light turns compound into something u are allergic to.  

Explain why tigecycline has activity versus micro-organisms resistant to other tetracyclines

expression of a gene depends on modifier genes.

Mutation on one gene can mask the effects of a mutation in another.

How do genetic wide association studies work?

Does this prove a cause?

Where in the brain does EEG work well?

Where does it not work well?

Good= cortex near the electrodes

Bad= messed up by bone and tissue, doesnt work in the hippocampus, thalmus, or brain stem.

arises in the white matter

clear halo of cytoplasm (fried egg look)

often causes seizures

radiographically u see Calcopherites

malignant tumor, slow growth

often seen in 4th ventricle resulting in hydrocephalus

sheets of cells with granular chromatin

Perivascular Pseudorosettes, where cells are arranged around blood vessels.

often occur in young adults

Round cysts in 3rd ventricle that can block the Foramina of Monro

Can cause noncommunicating hydrocephalus

always in cerebellum

seen in kids

small round blue cells

agressive

often a loss of genetic materical from chromosome 17

tumors from the arachnoid villi

compress the brain

deletion or mutation of chromosome 22

histologically they have a whorled pattern with Psammoma Bodies

benign masses attached to nerves

Antoni A and B patterns

Schwannoma on the 8th cranial nerve in the cerebellar pontine angle.

present with deafness.

cystic legions arising from the epithelium of Rathke's pouch.

children usually come in because of endocrine deficiencies.

AIDS people, highly agressive

small and large neoplastic lymphocytes.

EBV can be recovered within the tumors.

Chances of a metastatic tumor reaching the CNS.

Disseminated Melanoma ___%

Breast and lung cancer ___%

Kidney and colon __%

Disseminated Melanoma 50%

Breast and lung cancer 35%

Kidney and colon 5%

AKA temporal lobe or psychomotor seizures

Starts with an Aura

Then impaired consciousness and convulsians

most common seizure originating from the temporal lobe.

• neuronal cell loss mostly in the hippocampus
• loss of pyramidal neurons and reactive gliosis
• most common type of neuropathologic damage seen in individuals with complex partial seizures

seizures seen in children 6mo-5yo caused by fever

Do lumbar puncture to rule out bacterial meningitis

Do not require anti-epileptics

loss of neurons and gliosis

this causes a loss in GABA causing a reduction in inhibition.

Cingulate gyrus

Cingulum

Hippocampus

Fornix

Mamillary nuclei

mamillothalamic tract

anterior thalamic nucleus

Caucasian cock helped fuck many moms asses

plays a role in modulation response to stimulus.

Lesions to this cause a person to over react (Septal rage syndrome)

pleasure center

Remove this and u become unmotivated

long term storage of memories

Alzheimers affects here

destruction of both temporal lobes in monkeys

They became fearless yet unagressive (no emotions)

never remembered objects

Which moves around the paitients head?

CT or MRI

T2= CSF white

Flair= Dark CSF

when someone just collapses

Classic example is football players that just collapse on the field.

Primary myoclonic seizure

Tonic-clonic seizure may follow so monitor.

normal in awake adults

8-13 Hz

background in normally awake patients

above 12Hz

seen in drowsyness

4-7 Hz

normal in Deep sleep

<4Hz

Theta or delta waves siin in only certain electrodes.

Indicated underlying structural lesion

Theta or delta seen in all leads

Indicates encephalopathy or medication effects

most severe and earliest developing epileptic encephalopathy

characterized by EEG high voltage bursts

severe psychomotor prognosis

usually they have fever first

severe form of epilepsy in infants

standard drugs dont work

seen in mentally retarded people

slow EEG pattern

seizures usually triggered by change in treatment

epileptic aphasia. you cant talk

Normal until 3-6 then begin to lose the ability to talk.

thought to be from the inhibition of pruning

GABA transaminase and Succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase degrades GABA in the astrocytes and neurons.  Breaks GABA -> Glutamine where it is transfered back to the presynaptic neuron where

Glutamine-> Glutamate -> GABA

GABA-

(GABA transaminase)->

Succinate semialdehyde-

(Succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase)->

Succinate (product of citric acid cycle.)

Valproic acid (Valproate)

Increases GABA

decreases aspartate

Mimics glutamate, GABA, and many other compounds making it a dirty drug.  Binds and inhibits GABA transaminase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.

inhibitory neurotransmitter

Lets in Cl-

Retina

Lets Cl- in

Presynaptic: make it release more neurotransmitter

Postsynaptic: make it more sensitive to the neurotransmitter

General: add more synapses

Senile plaques 

neurofibrillary tangles

Neocortex and hippocampus

Superoxide to hydrogen peroxide

O2- -> H2O2

disrupt the intracellular transport of nutrients along the axon causing neuronal cell death.

AD affects neurons but not glial cells.

Amyloid precursor protein (Chromosome 21)

PSEN1 (Chromosome 14)

PSEN2(Chromosome 1)

ε2= reduced risk of developing AD

ε3= neutral risk of developing AD (4x more likely than ε2)

ε4= increased risk of developing (15x more likely than ε2)

the prototype for Frontotemporal lobar demetia (FTLD)

Caused by mutations in Tau.  Seen in neurons and glia.

parkinsons= α-Synuclein lewy bodies in the subbstantia nigra and striatum

LBD= α-Synuclein lewy bodies found all over in the brain.

Prion disease. dont eat brains

PrP undergoes a shape change to a beta sheet and can convert others around it.

Proteinaceous infectious particles

no nucleic acid

no immune response

causes transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE)