Term
| Neck pain lasting under 6 weeks with night pain, fever, chills, and sweats is indicating? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trachycardia, elevation of the floor of the mouth, and bulging of the pharyngeal wall indicates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sore throat and voice change are indicating what? |
|
Definition
| Superficial neck infection |
|
|
Term
Occipito-atlanto dislocation, herniated nucleus pulposus, and cervical myelopathy are ________ ________.
Choices:Acute, Chronic, Infectious, Neurological, MSK, Vascular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Severe jaw pain with no trauma indicates? |
|
Definition
Viscero-somatic Reflex
Acute neurological |
|
|
Term
| Pulsatile tinnitus in the neck with cranial nerve palsies and bruit indicate? |
|
Definition
| Vertebral artery insufficiency |
|
|
Term
Hernaited disc and whiplash are _____.
Choices: Infectious, Neurological, MSK, Vascular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Degenerative changes in joints, disk, ligaments are ______.
Choices: Infectious, Neurological, MSK, Vascular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Limited motion or morning stiffness. Older patients with limited motion and pain on extension indicates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Spondylosis, cervical myelopathy, and cervical radiculopathy are ______.
Choices: Infectious, Neurological, MSK, Vascular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cervical discitis ______
Choices: Infectious, Neurological, MSK, Vascular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Meningitis, osteomyelitis, diskitis, fascitis ______
Choices:
Cervical, thoracic, lumbosacral
Acute or chronic
Infectious, Neurological, MSK, Vascular |
|
Definition
Thoracic
acute
Infectious |
|
|
Term
Stomach ulcers, pancreatitis, angina, GERD, asthma, pneumonia
Choices:
Cervical, thoracic, lumbosacral
Acute or chronic
Infectious, Neurological, MSK, Vascular |
|
Definition
Thoracic
Acute
Neurological |
|
|
Term
| Decrease in anal sphincter tone indicates _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Severe muscle weakness and foot drop indicates? |
|
Definition
| herniated nucleus pulposus in the lumbar region |
|
|
Term
| _____ can mimic groin pain |
|
Definition
| Abdominal aortic aneurysm |
|
|
Term
Diskitis ____
Choices:
Cervical, thoracic, lumbosacral
Acute or chronic
Infectious, Neurological, MSK, Vascular |
|
Definition
Lumbosacral
Acute
Infectious |
|
|
Term
|
*Younger patient with an abnormal lower extremity neurologic examination
*Unilateral leg pain
*Thigh or groin pain
*Pain worse with sitting
*Positive straight leg raise test
Indicates?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
*Paravertebral discomfort relieved by rest, worsened by activity
*Pain in back, buttock, post. Thigh
*Tenderness in low back
*Restricted and painful ROM
*Normal reflexes and strength
indicates?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
History:
Chest, low back, or groin pain
Pain is a Red Flag!
Physical:
Palpable, pulsatile mass
Acute pain and hypotension
indicates?
|
|
Definition
| Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm |
|
|
Term
|
*Bone infection that can lead to destruction of tissue
*History:
*Pain and swelling
*Fever, malaise, myalgia
*Soft Tissue Injury
*Surgery
*Physical:
*hyperemia and swelling over area
*Restricted motion
*Tenderness
Indicates?
[image]
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
*History:
*Limited motion / stiffness
*Pain radiates to one or both buttocks
*Pain worsened by activity
*Physical:
*Lumbar / Sacroiliac Tenderness
*“Listing” due to m. spasms
*Motor / Sensory Normal
indicates?
|
|
Definition
| Degenerative disk disease and nerve root compression |
|
|
Term
|
*History:
*Pain aggravated by bending, lifting, twisting
*Radiculopathy possible
*Fatigue in legs (with spinal stenosis)
*Physical:
*Step-off sign
*Motor or sensory changes common
indicates?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
initially spinal reflexes are supressed then later there is a period of hyperactivity. Receptors multiply during the period of depressed reflexes that leads to the hypersensitivity.
|
|
|
Term
| After a spinal cord injury, acute treatment with _______ minimizes the inflamatory response. Long term use should be avoided |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the _______ tract goes from the motor cortex to the muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary motor cortex is located where? |
|
Definition
| Anterior to the central sulcus in the cerebral cortex. Area 4 |
|
|
Term
| The primary somatosensory cortex is located where? |
|
Definition
| Posterior to the central sulcus of the cerebral cortex. Areas 1,2,3 |
|
|
Term
| Where does the corticospinal tract cross over? |
|
Definition
| Pyramidal Decussation of the brainstem |
|
|
Term
| What is the order of the 3 spinal tracts from anterior to posterior? |
|
Definition
Anterolateral (Pain)
Corticospinal (Muscle
Posterior column medial lemniscal (sensory of light touch)
PMS |
|
|
Term
| Motor info cells are located where in the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| Ventral horn of the grey matter |
|
|
Term
| The cross over in the anterolateral pathway occurs where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cross over in the posterior column-medial Leminiscal pathway occurs where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Crossing over of the spinal cord occurs using the ____ order neuron.
Choices primary or secondary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The neuropeptide _______ can travel to other areas easily and diffuse and cause spread of inflammation.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the central pattern generators? |
|
Definition
| Group of neurons that coordinate movement patterns. |
|
|
Term
| What causes Radiculopathy? |
|
Definition
- compression of the nerve root. Posture can affect the pain.
- Herniated disks
|
|
|
Term
| How does a disk injury lead to back pain? |
|
Definition
Inflamation and cytokines lead to pain
Pain fibers can grow into the damaged disk.
Nerve root could be affected from inflamation, compresion, or both.
The nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosis is not innervated though. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
narrowed lumbar spinal canal.
typically causes neurogenic claudication |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) the ammount of pain is related to how narrow the spinal canal is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_______ claudication will be relieved by sitting. Hurts when standing.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Claudication would not occur by just standing means probably a _______ claudication issue. Would not be relieved by sitting.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Infection of the vertebrae itself is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Infection of the intervertebral disk is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Infection of the epidural space is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pain out of proporton to physical findings may suggest the presence of _________
• Observe “advanced airway signs” such as:
–Voice changes
–stridor, dyspnea, shortness of breath
– use of accessory muscles signify impending airway obstruc+on or respiratory arrest. |
|
Definition
| Deep neck infection like meningitis |
|
|
Term
| What is a positive Brudzinski's sign and what does it mean? |
|
Definition
| Pt lays supine and you lift their head, if they bend their legs it is positive. Means meningitis |
|
|
Term
| What is a positive Kernig's sign and what does it mean? |
|
Definition
| Pt lays supine and you lift and bend knee. If it hurts back of knee its positive. means meningitis |
|
|
Term
| (T/F) you can find whiplast using an MRI? |
|
Definition
| no, there is no labs or radiology that can confirm or refute the diagnosis of whiplash. |
|
|
Term
| If a pt got in an accident what would u use to check for ligamentous injury? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tapping the brachioradialis tendon,
hypoactive wrist extension along with hyperactive
finger flexion
• “inverted radial reflex” suggests _________
|
|
Definition
• spinal cord compression
• ipsilateral C5 nerve root compression |
|
|
Term
| What should you do for anytone with chronic neck pain? |
|
Definition
A five-view radiographic examination should initially be performed in patients of any age with chronic neck pain, with or without a history of remote trauma, with a history of malignancy, or with a history of neck surgery in the remote past. Patients with normal radiographic findings and no neurologic signs or symptoms need no further imaging. |
|
|
Term
*Limited Motion or Morning Stiffness
*Older patient with limited motion, pain on extension
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The hallmark symptom is weakness or stiffness in
the legs.
*Patients may also present with unsteadiness of gait.
*Weakness or clumsiness of the hands in conjunction with the legs is also characteristic.
*Symptoms may be asymmetric particularly in the legs
History:
*Neck and arm pain *Limited Motion or Morning
Stiffness
*Paresthesias
*Weakness of hands and legs *Clumsiness *Disequilibrium
*Urinary dysfunction
Physical:
*Older patient with limited motion, pain on extension
*Paraspinal tenderness *Electric shocks with cervical
flexion
*Upper or lower extremity motor or sensory dysfunction
|
|
Definition
| Cervical Spondylosis with myelopathy |
|
|
Term
*Pectoralis and latissimus dorsi muscle hypertonicity
*Rhomboid and lower trapezius inhibition and/or weakness
*Result ... internally rotated, flexed and adducted position
*“Stress Posture” |
|
Definition
| Functional Thoracic Kyphosis |
|
|
Term
Sharp pain following a fracture is mostly ___1__ in origin, where as pain from a dislocation is ___2___ |
|
Definition
1. Periosteal
2. Ligamentous |
|
|
Term
| Fibroskeletal structures and meninges are innervated by _________. |
|
Definition
| Recurrent meningeal branches of the spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| Synovial joints of the back and deep back muscles are innervated by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| means that muscle goes to the head |
|
|
Term
| What artery travels through the suboccipital triangle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What artery travely lateral to the suboccipital region and runs over the superiour oblique capitis muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve innervates the top of the head? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve innervates the neck dermatomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve innervates right below the neck dermatomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the greater occipital nerve do? |
|
Definition
Sensory only
Sensory of posterior head
Branch of dorsal ramus C2 |
|
|
Term
| What nerve innervates the suboccipital muscles for motor information? |
|
Definition
| Suboccipital nerve (Motor only) |
|
|
Term
| Pt presents with headache in occipital region. Feels like a jabbing pain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes Occipital Neuralgia? |
|
Definition
| Chronic entrapment of occipital nerves by the posterior neck/scalp muscles |
|
|
Term
| What muscle makes up the superomedial boundary of the suboccipital triangle? |
|
Definition
| Rectus capitus posterior major |
|
|
Term
| What muscle makes up the superolateral boundary of the suboccipital triangle? |
|
Definition
| Obliqous capitis superior |
|
|
Term
| What muscle makes up the inferolateral boundary of the suboccipital triangle? |
|
Definition
| Obliqous capitis inferior |
|
|
Term
| The anterior and middle scalene attach on the _____ rib |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the posterior scalene attaches on the ____ rib |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What travels through the scalene muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the interscalene groove important? |
|
Definition
| It is the location of where to put in a nerve block for the brachial plexus. |
|
|
Term
| What is the conus medullaris? |
|
Definition
| inferior tip of the spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
| Where in the spine does the spinal cord end and it becomes the cauda equina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___________ is compression of nerve root causes pain, often with numbness, radiates"through"buttocks"and"down"one"leg"below"the"knee."In"extreme"cases,"anterior'root
involved,"there’s'weakness'in"addition"to"pain"and"numbness"(requires"increased"vigilance,"often requires
quick"evaluation
with"MRI"scanning). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A shooting or tingling pain in the low back may indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A pain in the lower back that comes and goes, reaches peak then stops then peaks again may suggest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During a physical exam for low back pain if you ask the patient to extend their back for 20-30 secs and it increases pain this may indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What labs should u order if u suspect a tumor or infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __1___claudication you have to sit down to releive pain where as with ___2___claudication you would only have to stop walking to releive the pain. |
|
Definition
1 neuroclaudication
2. vascular claudication |
|
|
Term
If the Pt presents with acute back pain and any of these signs what should u do next?
Age'>50
History'of'malignancy Fever'
or'Weight'loss'
or'elevated'ESR Trauma
Motor'defect Litigation'/'compensation Steroid'use
Drug'abuse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the Pt has pain worse with cough, sitting, or Valsalva what is the possible cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the Pt has pain radiating below the knee what is the possible cause? |
|
Definition
| Herniated disc/nerve root compression below the L3 nerve root |
|
|
Term
| If the Pt has incontinence or saddle anesthesia what is the possible cause? |
|
Definition
| Cauda equina syndrome or spinal cord compression |
|
|
Term
| If the Pt has severe or rapidly progressive neurological deficit what is the possible cause? |
|
Definition
| Cauda equina syndrome or spinal cord compression |
|
|
Term
| If the Pt has perianal/perineal sensory loss with lower back pain what is the possible cause? |
|
Definition
| Cauda equina syndrome or spinal cord compression |
|
|
Term
| If the Pt has major motor weakness with lower back pain what is the possible cause? |
|
Definition
| Nerve root compression (Radiculopathy) |
|
|
Term
| If the Pt has point tenderness to percussion with lower back pain what is the possible cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the Pt has positive straight leg raise with lower back pain what is the possible cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the Pt has extreme pain with lower back pain what is the possible cause? |
|
Definition
| Abdominal aortic aneurysm or infection |
|
|
Term
| What is spondylolisthesis? |
|
Definition
| Slippage of one vertebral body over another |
|
|
Term
| If the patient has cauda equina syndrome what do u do next? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low bone mass is called _____ and if it gets severe it turns into osteoporosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is primary type 1 osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
| Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women |
|
|
Term
| What is primary type II osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
| Age related osteoporosis, seen in men and women but mostly women. |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism that is seen in Type I (Menopausal) osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
Increased osteoclast activity
Increased Rank, RANKL expression
Increased IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism that is seen in Type II (Age related) osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
Decreased osteoblast activity
Decreased replicative activity of osteoprogenitor cells |
|
|
Term
| What are some secondary causes of osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
| Glucocorticoids and endocrinopathies like excess PTH |
|
|
Term
| What races are most at risk for osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The receptor RANK is blocked by what? |
|
Definition
| Osteoprotegrin which is released from osteobasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Human made monoclonal antibody that works against RANKL and reduces osteoclastgenesis. Works to treat Primary type I osteoporosis of postmenopausal women. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits osteoblast activity |
|
|
Term
| What happens if you inhibit osteocytes from releasing sclerosin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a intracapsular fracture? |
|
Definition
| Fracture of the feumur in the head or neck of it. commonly leads to avascular necrosis of the femoral head. |
|
|
Term
| What is a extracapsular fracture? |
|
Definition
| Fracture along intertrochanteric line. Typically heals fine |
|
|
Term
| What is a Colle's fracture? |
|
Definition
| Fracture of the distal radius |
|
|
Term
| What do u use to diagnose osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
| DXA (Dual energy x-ray absorption) |
|
|
Term
| in terms of osteoporosis, normal is defined as a T score of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in terms of osteoporosis, osteopenia is defined as a T score of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in terms of osteoporosis, osteoporosis is defined as a T score of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in terms of osteoporosis, severe osteoporosis is defined as a T score of? |
|
Definition
| less than -2.5 and a history of a fragility fracute |
|
|
Term
high amounts of PTH stimulates _____ where as low ammounts in puse secretions stimulates ______
Choices: osteoblast or osteoclast |
|
Definition
| high amounts of PTH stimulates osteoclasts where as low ammounts in puse secretions stimulates osteoblasts. |
|
|
Term
| Man made PTH used to treat osteoporosis is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| originates from damage to body tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arises from the viscera (Organs) and is mediated by stretch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| well localized pain is sugestive of ____ pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| regional dull and cramping pain indicates ____ pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Symptoms:
Burning, shooting, stabbing, paroxysmal, vice-like, lancinating, electric-like shocks
______ pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
pain from a stimulus which normally does not evoke pain, exaggerated response
A. Hyperalgesia
B. Hyperpathia
C. Allodynia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
exaggerated and prolonged heightened pain perception with noxious stimulus
A. Hyperalgesia
B. Hyperpathia
C. Allodynia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
excessive perception of pain with noxious painful stimulus
A. Hyperalgesia
B. Hyperpathia
C. Allodynia
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
due to the interuption of central afferent neural activity
aka. denervation hypersensitivity |
|
|
Term
| How do antidepresants reduce pain? |
|
Definition
| Reduce norepinephrine reuptake and reduce serotonin reuptake |
|
|
Term
| How do anticonvulsants reduce pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Induce sleep and decrease burning pain
A. Opiods
B. NSAIDs
C. Tricyclic antidepresants
D. anticonculsants |
|
Definition
| C. Tricyclic antidepresants |
|
|
Term
Used for lancinating pain
A. Opiods
B. NSAIDs
C. Tricyclic antidepresants
D. anticonculsants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Neospinothalamic tract (projection to ventroposterior lateral thalamus.) Consists mainly of the input from the _______ pain fibers. Information flows mainly to cerebral cortex
choices: fast or slow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Paleospinothalamic tract (projection to medial thalamus.) Consists mainly of the information from the _____ pain fibers. Makes the many projections throughout the brainstem in the reticular
formation.
Choices: fast, slow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Paleospinothalamic tract (projection to ______ thalamus.) Consists mainly of the information from the slow pain fibers. Makes the many projections throughout the brainstem in the reticular
formation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neospinothalamic tract (projection to ______ thalamus.) Consists mainly of the input from the fast pain fibers. Information flows mainly to cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
| ventroposterior lateral thalmus |
|
|
Term
| What do somatosensory cortex cells in the cerebral cortex do? |
|
Definition
| determine where the pain is coming from |
|
|
Term
| What is the Cingulate cortex of the cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
| Part of the limbic system so it is important for learning and emotions. |
|
|
Term
| What is the insular cortex of the cerebral cortex used for? |
|
Definition
| REsponds to keep the body in homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| What does lesions in the insular cortex lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is asymbolia for pain? |
|
Definition
In this condition, patients can feel pain from noxious stimuli and can discriminate sharp from dull pain but they do not display the appropriate emotional response. |
|
|
Term
| What happens if your anterior insular cortex gets fucked up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What activates the anterior cingulate cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Thunberg's ilusion? |
|
Definition
| Anterior cingulate cortex gets activated. you have a non-noxious warm and cold stimuli but when you put them together they are perceived as noxious |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased sensitivity to pain after experiencing a high level of pain. Thought to be from the modification of synapses in the dorsal horn. |
|
|
Term
| ______ and _____ work together to regulate firing in the dorsal horn. |
|
Definition
| glutamate and neuropeptides |
|
|
Term
Neuropeptides, including ________, enhance and prolong the actions of glutamate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_______ is confined to areas around the synapse due to efficient scavenging systems. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
________ can diffuse significant distances because of the lack of reuptake mechanisms. |
|
Definition
| Neuropeptides like substance P |
|
|
Term
| ____ channels let in Ca that modifies cell function and can modify the release of neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blocking ____ channels can block ind up |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Whaat does stimulating PAG (Periaqueducal gray matter) do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is norepinephrine and seratonin released from in the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the spinal cord do opiates affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of opiodes? |
|
Definition
Presynaptic effect: prevent release of glutamate, substance P, etc. by decreasing Ca2+ entry
Postsynaptic: increased K+ conductance to hyperpolarize cell. |
|
|
Term
| Injection of _____ inhibits the effects of opiates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is needed to diagnose fibromyalgia? |
|
Definition
widespread pain for at least 3 months
Pain in at least 11/18 tender points. |
|
|
Term
Fibromyalgia:
Findings?
MAle or female preference?
Sleep disturbance?
Pain distribution? |
|
Definition
Findings: multiple tender points
femate preferance
Yes fatigue
Widespread distribution
|
|
|
Term
Myofascial pain syndrome
Findings?
MAle or female preference?
Sleep disturbance?
Pain distribution? |
|
Definition
Findings: trigger points that cause radiating pain
Equal male female preferance
No fatigue
Regional pain |
|
|
Term
| What is chronic fatigue syndrome? |
|
Definition
Preceded by viral illness
Causes fatigue
May cause decreased memory, sore throat, tender lymph nodes, muscle pain, headache |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
defensive state
immune responses are enhanced
increased release of norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| What drugs affect transduction? |
|
Definition
| NSAIDS and local anesthetics as well as opioides |
|
|
Term
| What drugs affect conduction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of local anesthetics? |
|
Definition
| Diffuse through cell membrane and bind to the intracellular portion of a Na+ channel and blocks them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism for antidepresants? |
|
Definition
| Target the 5-HT (Seratonin) and the noradrenaline reuptake transporters. |
|
|
Term
| What is a pure opioide agonist and what is an example drug that does this? |
|
Definition
Stimulates Mu and Kappa
Morphine |
|
|
Term
| What is a mixed opioide agonist? |
|
Definition
| Stimulates Mu or Kappa and inhibits the other. |
|
|
Term
| What is a pure opioide antagonist and what drug is an example of this? |
|
Definition
Blocks Mu and Kappa
Naloxone |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 strong agonist opioides we need to know? |
|
Definition
| Morphine, hydromorphone, fentanly |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 partial agonists we need to know |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism for morphine? |
|
Definition
Decreases excitability of sensory nerves (Nociceptors)
also
Binds to presynaptic opioid receptor and decreases Ca influx and prevents vessicle release
Binds postsynaptic opioid receptor and increases K+ outflow hyperpolarizing the postsynaptic neuron.
also
inhibits GABA releasing neurons making them make NE and 5-HT
also affects the emotional experience of pain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reverses opioid effects by blocking the opioid receptors |
|
|
Term
| What drugs affect pain perception? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drugs affect descending modulation |
|
Definition
| opioids and antidepressants |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Dantrolene? |
|
Definition
| Interferes with the release of Ca from the SR |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Succinylocholine |
|
Definition
| Activates nicotinic receptor continuously to keep the cell depolarized |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Rocuronium? |
|
Definition
| Competitive blocker of the nicotentic receptor |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Baclofen? |
|
Definition
| GABA agonist that facilitates spinal inhibition of motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Tizanidine |
|
Definition
| α-Andrenoceptor agonist in the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Diazepam? |
|
Definition
| Facilitates GABAergic transmission in CNS. Inhibits primary motor afferents in spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Cyclobenzaprine |
|
Definition
| not well understood but it reduces hyperactive muscle reflexes |
|
|
Term
Explain how neostigmine reverses muscle paralysis from rocuronium |
|
Definition
| Reverses the neuromuscular blockade. Increases ACh by inhibiting acetylcholine esterase. |
|
|
