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Nitration
Nitration
10
Organic Chemistry
Undergraduate 2
09/23/2019

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Term
the acids that will be used to make the electrophile in this nitration lab
Definition
concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid
Term
mechanism for rxn between nitric and sulfuric acid
Definition
[image]
Term
the electrophile in this lab (nitration)
Definition
nitronium ion (+NO2)
Term
general pathway for nitration of an aromatic ring
Definition
[image]
Term
directing effects
Definition
when a ring contains a substituent, this has an effect on where something else is going to add on the ring
Term
activating substuents
Definition
substituents that push electron density into the ring

they direct ortho and para substitution
Term
deactivating substituents
Definition
susbtituents that pull electron density away from the ring

they direct meta substitution, except for halogens
Term
some things to stress in this experiment
Definition
1: cool everything to 0°C before you add anything
2: after the addition is done, make sure the rxn reaches room temperature
3: pour everything over ice and collect solids by filtration
4: wash with cold water and ice-cold methanol, then dry it
5: recrystallize from methanol, dry, and get mass
6: take HNMR of both starting material and product
Term
the safe way to mix nitric and sulfuric acid
Definition
cool everything to 0°C before using it
Term
the 2 grpoups of substituents on a benzene ring
Definition
1: those that direct incoming groups to either ortho or para positions, or both
2: those that direct predominantly meta
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