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| The study of all living things |
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| The smallest unit capable of life functions |
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| Simplest part of a substance and can exist in a free state |
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| Organized structures that build cells |
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| The maintenance of a stable internal environment in spite of the external environment |
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| Short segment of DNA that carries the code for various proteins and other substances |
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| Survival of the fittest, most important dividing force in evolution |
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| A group of organisms of a single type that are capable of producing fertile offspring in the natural environment |
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| The study of relationships between organisms and their environment |
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| All organisms, no matter how different from each other they may be, share certain features characteristic of all living things |
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| A series of steps that are followed to answer a question and/or solve problems |
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| Process of forming testable statements about observable phenomena |
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| One or more of the five senses to perceive objects/events |
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| Identical except for one factor – independent variable |
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| A broad and comprehensive statement of what is thought to be true |
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| Sharing information with others so they may use the information to retest the hypothesis. |
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| Conclusion made on the basis of facts on direct observation |
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| Process of testing a hypothesis |
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Definition
Determining whether they are reliable and whether they support or refute a given prediction or hypothesis
~Using statistics
~Interpreting graphs
~determining relationships between variables
~ comparing data of other studies
~ determining sources of experimental errors
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| In general usage, design of experiments (DOE) or experimental design is the design of any information-gathering exercises where variation is present, whether under the full control of the experimenter or not. |
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| Ascertain the size, amount, or degree of (something) by using an instrument or device marked in standard units |
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Positioned directly above the specimen
three different magnifications |
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| the increasing of an object's apparent size |
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| A microscope that uses a light |
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| Substance can't be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter |
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| The functional unit of matter |
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| The core of an atom – two subatomic particles – protons, neutrons |
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| Positive charge in nucleus |
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| Neutral charge in nucleus |
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Definition
| And atom that has obtained a full outer electron shell |
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| When atoms react with each other to obtain a full outer electron shell and stability. |
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| Positive and negative electrical charges attract each other |
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| Two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
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| Low kinetic energy. Molecules have motion of vibrating. Definite shape and volume. |
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| Higher kinetic energy. Molecules flow past each other. Indefinite shape, definite volume. |
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| Highest kinetic energy, molecules moving in rapid random constant motion. Has indefinite shape and volume. |
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| Substance that reduces the amount of energy needed for a reaction occur |
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| Protein that acts like a biological catalyst |
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| a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. |
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Definition
| Chemical reactions that involve a net absorption of free energy |
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Definition
| Chemical reactions that involve a net release of free energy |
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Definition
| Reactions where electrons are transferred between atoms |
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| Reactant loses one or more electrons and becomes positive positive |
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Definition
| Reactant loses 1 or more e- and becomes positive |
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Definition
| Reacting gains one or more electrons, the substance becomes stable |
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Definition
| Reactant gains 1 or more e- and becomes negative |
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Definition
A homogeneous mixture in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance
They are the best next mixture |
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Definition
| Number of hydronium ions is greater |
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Definition
| Contain higher concentrations of H3O+ than hydroxide ions |
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Definition
| Contains more hydroxide ions |
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Definition
| Contains more OH- than H3O+ ions |
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Definition
0-14 measures acids and bases
Acids= 0-6
neutral= 7
bases= 8-14 |
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Definition
| Chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of either an acid or base added to a solution |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates formed from three or more monosaccharides through the process of condensation |
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Definition
| Mix water very effective in dissolving other substances, opposite charges at other end |
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Definition
| Type of attraction that holds two water molecules together |
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Definition
| And inorganic substance; makes up 70% of the average cell; covalent bonds between two H and O; disassociates into OH- and H+; considered to be a polar compound because it shows electronegativity |
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Definition
| Allows it to be attracted to itself |
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Definition
| The ability to stick to other things |
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Definition
| Ability to move upward their fine pores or upward through narrow tube against gravity |
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Definition
| Contains carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to other carbon atoms and other elements as well – hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
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Definition
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| Elements of organic compounds |
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Definition
| Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
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Definition
| Smaller, simpler molecules in carbon compounds |
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Definition
| Repeated, linked units; monomers bonded to one another to form complex molecules will |
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Definition
| Breakdown of same complex molecules |
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| Condensation or dehydration synthesis |
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Definition
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| Carbohydrate and examples |
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Definition
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| Monosaccharide and examples |
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Definition
A monomer of a carbohydrate; simple sugar that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of l:2:l
examples
glucose
fructose
galactose |
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| Disaccharide and examples |
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Definition
To monosaccharides that combine in a condensation reaction to form a double sugar
examples
sucrose
lactose
maltose |
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Definition
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Definition
| Polysaccharide that gives plant cells strength and rigidity |
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Definition
| Stores energy source for animals |
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Definition
| Organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
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Definition
| The monomer building blocks of proteins |
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| Large, nonpolar organic molecules that do not dissolve in water; consist of long that C-H chains; can be used by organisms to store energy |
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Definition
| Two fatty acids joined by a molecule of glycerol |
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Definition
| Its molecules are composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them |
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Definition
| Type of structural lipid; also a type of steroid |
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| Nucleic acid and examples |
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Definition
| Very large and complex organic molecules that store important information in cell; DNA, RNA |
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Definition
| Made of three main components: a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a ring-shaped nitrogen base |
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Definition
| States that all living are composed of one or more cells; cells are an organism's basic unit of structure and function; cells only come from exsisting cells |
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Definition
| As a cells grows, this increases less rapidly than volume |
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Definition
| As a cells grows, this increases more rapidly than the surface area. |
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Definition
| Type of cell that has no nuclues or membrane bound organelles |
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Definition
| This type of cell has a nucleus; 3 parts to this typical cell are the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and cytoskeleton |
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Definition
| "Little organs" based on the function of the cell |
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| Cell Membrane and Functions |
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Definition
| Outer boundary of the cell; also called the plasma membrane; surrounds the cell and gives it support and shape; semi-permeable; controls what goes in and out of the cell; has a lipid bi-layer |
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Definition
| The cell membrane controls what goes in and out of the cell |
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Definition
| "Brain of the cell"; spherical structure, usually located in the center of the cell; functions in making nucleic acids and directing the cell's activities; stores DNA |
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Definition
| Fibers on the outside the cell (hair like) |
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Definition
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Definition
| Liquid inside the nucleus; rich in proteins; chromatin (DNA) |
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| Nuclear Membrane (Nuclear Envelope) and Function |
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Definition
Double membrane that is semi-permeable due to pores; outer layer of nucleus
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Definition
| Power house of the cell; gets power in the process of cellular respiration in the form of ATP; consists of 2 layers - smooth outer layer - highly folded inner layer (cristae); contains its own DNA |
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Definition
| The most numerous of organelles; made of nucleic acid (rRNA) and protein; function in making protein; can exist as free-floating or may attach to the ER |
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Term
| Endoplasmic Retictulum (ER) and Function |
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Definition
| Network for proteins; system of membranes forming folded sacs and tunnels; smooth or rough |
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Term
| Golgi Apparatus and Function |
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Definition
| Processing, packaging, and secreting organelle; works by taking vesicles from the smooth ER, adding final touches, then repackaging the contents to travel to the cell membrane |
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Definition
| "Suicide sac"; contains a digestive enzyme; digests food particles, disease-causing bacteria, worn out and broken parts of cells; process of phagocytosis (food eating) |
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| Microfilaments and Function |
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Definition
| Protein that makes up cytoskeleton |
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Definition
| Help with movements inside the cell |
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| Mircotublues and Function |
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Definition
| Protein that makes up cytoskeleton |
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Definition
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Definition
| Whip-like wave structure that also helps with movement |
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Definition
| A thick outer layer covering outside the cell membrane; made of cellulose; protects and supports the cell; often remains after the rest of the cell has died |
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Definition
| Stores food, water, and minerals; used to store waste until the cell is able to get rid of it; in animals it is very small, and plans it is very large |
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Definition
| Sell parts that contain the green pigment called chlorophyll; chlorophyll traps energy from the sun and the plant uses this energy to make food through the process of photosynthesis |
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| The process by which substances move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
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Definition
| Condition where gradient disappears |
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Definition
| Difference in concentration of substances |
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Definition
| Happens when water moves across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
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Definition
| Water will move out of the cell, the size of the cell will shrink, the solution is... |
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Term
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Definition
| Water will move in the cell, the size of the cell will grow, the solution is... |
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Definition
| Same condition inside and outside the cell, the solution is... |
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Definition
| Specialized organ to remove excess water |
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Definition
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Definition
| The cell swells and bursts |
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| Function of cell membrane in osmosis |
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Definition
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| Function of cell wall in osmosis |
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Definition
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Definition
| Movement of water into the cell |
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Definition
| Turgor pressure is lost, plant wilts |
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Definition
| Uses carrier proteins; specific to what they will transport across the cell membrane; no energy required (passive); speed up diffusion |
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Definition
| A type of protein that is specific to what it will transport across the cell membrane; a form of passive transport that speeds up diffusion |
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Definition
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Definition
| Transport proteins that allow ions to pass through the cell membrane; channels are either open or closed; closed channels will respond to different stimuli to allow things to pass through them |
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Definition
| Movement of substances across the cell membrane that does not require energy |
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Definition
| Movement of any substance across the cell membrane that does require energy |
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Definition
| Movement of sodium and potassium against the concentration gradient; uses ATP as energy source; vital for muscle contractions, nerve impulses, and kidney function |
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Definition
| A form of active transport where a cell takes in large particles |
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Definition
| Form of active transport that removes large waste products from cell |
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Definition
| The form of DNA in a resting cell |
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Definition
| Structure made up of single units, monomers, called nucleotides |
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Definition
| Special proteins when, during cell division, the DNA will replicate and coil around it |
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Definition
| The two identical parts of chromosomes called sister... |
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Definition
| Attach the sister chromatids in the center to form a chromosome |
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Definition
| Cells that contain both chromosomes of a homologous pair; Somatic (body cells), 46 chromosomes in a human cell |
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Definition
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Definition
| Cells with one chromosome of a pair; gametes (sex sells), 23 pairs of chromosomes in a human |
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Definition
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Definition
| have one copy of each major chromosome, but most cells can easily survive with multiple copies |
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Definition
| Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such |
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Definition
Repeating sequence of cellular growth and division during an organism's life; contains five phases
~First growth (G1)
~Synthesis(S)
~Second growth(G2)
~Mitosis
~Cytokinesis |
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Definition
| The longest phase of the cell cycle; consists of first growth, synthesis, and second growth |
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Definition
| The reproduction of somatic cells; steps are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
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Definition
| An organelle near the nucleus of a cell that contains the centrioles (in animal cells) and from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division |
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Definition
| In metaphase, these develop and move away from each other to opposite sides of the animal cell |
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Definition
| the protein structure on chromatids where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart |
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Definition
| Strands of protein that connect the chromosomes and centrioles |
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Definition
| Cytoplasm is divided in half between the two new daughter cells |
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Term
| Cytokinesis in animal cell |
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Definition
| Form a protein belt that creates a "cleavage furrow" |
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Term
| Cytokinesis in a plant cell |
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Definition
| Creates a "cell plate" that becomes the new cell wall |
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Definition
| Gametes are formed during this; the process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes by half; two nuclear divisions take place instead of one; referred to as meiosis I and meiosis II should |
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Term
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Definition
| In all sexually reproducing organisms chromosomes exist in pairs referred to as... |
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Definition
| is the pairing of two homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis |
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Definition
| Genetic information that may be exchanged during meiosis in any section of a homologous pair |
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Definition
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Definition
| Same as in mitosis, but chromosomes line up next to a partner during a process called synapses |
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| Similar process to mitosis; process in meiosis |
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Definition
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| Control of cell's activities, choose the type of proteins to be made |
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Definition
| Made up of single units, monomers, called nucleotides; nucleotide consists of three parts: a five carbon sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, and nitrogen base |
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Definition
| Five carbon sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base |
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Term
| DNAs and nitrogenous bases |
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Definition
| Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine |
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Definition
| A+T double ring (purines) G+C single ring (pyrimidines) |
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Definition
| Process of making new copies of DNA |
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Definition
| Half of a DNA strand used to help make an RNA strand |
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Definition
| Only works in 5–3 direction, moves along the leading strand |
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Definition
| Has the "blue-prints" for traits |
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Definition
| Process of transcribing or copying the specific sequence of bases or code from DNA to RNA |
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Definition
| Sugar (ribose), phosphate, nitrogen bases |
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Definition
| Adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine |
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| Base pairing rules for RNA |
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Definition
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Definition
Messenger RNA: mRNA carries code from DNA
Transfer RNA: tRNA single folded strand of RNA that carries the amino acid
Ribosomal RNA: rRNA major structural components of ribosomes |
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Definition
| Is attached to the chromosomes |
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Definition
| The mRNA is read in a series of three nitrogen bases at a time referred to as... |
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Definition
| Not attached to the chromosomes |
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Definition
| Goes through the process of photosynthesis; creates its own food |
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Definition
| Relies on autotrophs for food and energy |
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Definition
| Converts radiant energy into chemical; stored in bonds of organic compounds; REACTANTS: water and carbon dioxide; PRODUCTS: glucose and oxygen |
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Definition
| Colors that come short and long; light that is absorbed |
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Definition
| Pigments that absorb light |
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Definition
| Site of light absorption; where chlorophyll is found; in the chloroplast; in the stacks called grana |
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Definition
| In the chloroplast; stacks of flattened membrane sacs |
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Term
| Light Reactions and Function |
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Definition
| Convert the light energy to chemical energy; in thylakoid; PRODUCT: NADPH+ |
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Term
| Function of Water in Light Reactions |
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Definition
| Hydrogen is used to make NADPH and ATP; oxygen is given off as a waste |
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Definition
| Diffusion of chemicals through a membrane resulting in formation of ATP |
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Definition
| Breaks third phosphate off of ATP |
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Definition
| ATP is transferred to another molecule |
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Definition
| Free space in the chloroplast |
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Definition
| Taking carbon and making glucose |
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Definition
| Where we make glucose; Carbohydrates |
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