Term
|
Definition
| A person’s ability to reproduce. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The fertilization of an ovum by a sperm. |
|
|
Term
| contraception (birth control) |
|
Definition
Methods of preventing
conception. |
|
|
Term
| sexually transmitted infections (STIs) |
|
Definition
A variety of
infections that can be acquired through sexual contact. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contraceptive methods that block the
meeting of egg and sperm by means of a physical barrier
(such as condom, diaphragm, or cervical cap), a chemical
barrier (such as spermicide), or both. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contraceptive method that
introduces synthetic hormones into the woman’s system to
prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus, or prevent a
fertilized egg from implanting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A single-use sheath of thin latex or other
material designed to fit over an erect penis and to catch
semen on ejaculation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substances designed to kill sperm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A single-use polyurethane sheath for
internal use during vaginal or anal intercourse to catch semen
on ejaculation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A latex, cup-shaped device designed to cover
the cervix and block access to the uterus; should always be
used with spermicide. |
|
|
Term
| toxic shock syndrome (TSS) |
|
Definition
A potentially lifethreatening
disease that occurs when specific bacterial toxins
multiply and spread to the bloodstream, most commonly
through improper use of tampons or diaphragms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A small cup made of latex that is designed to
fit snugly over the entire cervix. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A one-size-fits-all silicon rubber contraceptive
device that covers the cervix and is available by prescription. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A contraceptive device, made of
polyurethane foam and containing nonoxynol 9, that fits over
the cervix to create a barrier against sperm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pills taken daily for 3 weeks of
the menstrual cycle that prevent ovulation by regulating
hormones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An extended-cycle oral contraceptive that
causes a woman to menstruate only once every 3 months. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Permanent fertility control achieved through
surgical procedures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sterilization of the woman that involves
cutting and tying off or cauterizing the fallopian tubes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A method of contraception that involves
withdrawing the penis from the vagina before ejaculation;
also called coitus interruptus. |
|
|
Term
| emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) |
|
Definition
Drugs taken
within 3 days after intercourse to prevent fertilization or
implantation. |
|
|
Term
| fertility awareness methods (FAMs) |
|
Definition
Several types of birth
control that require alteration of sexual behavior rather than
chemical or physical intervention in the reproductive process. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A birth control method that relies
on observation of changes in cervical mucus to determine
when the woman is fertile so the couple can abstain from
penis–vagina contact during those times. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A birth control method in
which a woman monitors her body temperature for the rise
that signals ovulation, so that the couple can abstain from
penis–vagina contact around this time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A birth control method in which a
woman’s menstrual cycle is mapped on a calendar to
determine presumed fertile times, so that the couple can
abstain from penis–vagina contact during those times. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The expulsion or removal of an embryo or fetus
from the uterus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An abortion technique that uses gentle
suction to remove fetal tissue from the uterus. |
|
|
Term
| dilation and evacuation (D&E) |
|
Definition
An abortion technique
that uses a combination of instruments and vacuum aspiration;
fetal tissue is both sucked and scraped out of the uterus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Abortion technique in which
chemicals are injected into the uterus through the uterine
wall; labor begins, and the woman delivers a dead fetus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The surgical removal of the fetus from the
uterus. |
|
|
Term
| intact dilation and extraction (D&X) |
|
Definition
A late-term abortion
procedure in which the body of the fetus is extracted up to
the head and then the contents of the cranium are aspirated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A steroid hormone that induces abortion by
blocking the action of progesterone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Medical care received prior to
becoming pregnant that helps a woman assess and address
potential maternal health issues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Experienced practitioners who assist with
pregnancy and delivery. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Causing birth defects; may refer to drugs,
environmental chemicals, X rays, or diseases. |
|
|
Term
| fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) |
|
Definition
A collection of symptoms,
including mental retardation, that can appear in infants of
women who drink alcohol during pregnancy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease caused by an organism found in
cat feces that, when contracted by a pregnant woman, may
result in stillbirth or an infant with mental retardation or birth
defects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A genetic disorder characterized by
mental retardation and a variety of physical abnormalities. |
|
|
Term
| human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) |
|
Definition
Hormone
detectable in blood or urine samples of a mother within the
first few weeks of pregnancy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A 3-month segment of pregnancy; used to
describe specific developmental changes that occur in the
embryo or fetus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The fertilized egg from conception until the end of
2 months’ development. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The term for a developing baby from the third month
of pregnancy until birth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The network of blood vessels connected to the
umbilical cord that carries nutrients, oxygen, and wastes
between the developing infant and the mother. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The first 6 weeks of an infant’s life
outside the uterus. |
|
|
Term
| triple marker screen (TMS) |
|
Definition
A maternal blood test that
can be used to help identify fetuses with certain birth defects
and genetic abnormalities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A medical test in which a small amount
of fluid is drawn from the amniotic sac to test for Down
syndrome and other genetic abnormalities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The protective pouch surrounding the baby. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A straight incision in the mother’s perineum in
the area between the vulva and the anus, sometimes performed
toward the end of the second stage of labor to prevent the
tearing of vaginal tissues and to speed delivery. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Energy depletion, anxiety, mood
swings, and depression that women may feel during the postpartum
period. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A complication in pregnancy characterized
by high blood pressure, protein in the urine, and edema. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Potentially fatal complication resulting from untreated
preeclampsia; involves maternal strokes and seizures. |
|
|
Term
| cesarean section (C-section) |
|
Definition
A surgical birthing
procedure in which a baby is removed through an incision
made in the mother’s abdominal and uterine walls. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Loss of the fetus before it is viable; also called
spontaneous abortion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A blood protein related to the production of
antibodies. If an Rh-negative mother is pregnant with an
Rh-positive fetus, the mother will manufacture antibodies
that can harm the fetus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Implantation of a fertilized egg outside
the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube; a medical emergency
that can end in death from hemorrhage or peritonitis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The birth of a dead baby. |
|
|
Term
| sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) |
|
Definition
The sudden
death of an infant under 1 year of age for no apparent reason. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Difficulties in conceiving. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disorder in which uterine lining tissue
establishes itself outside the uterus; the leading cause of
infertility in women in the United States. |
|
|
Term
| pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) |
|
Definition
An infection that
scars the fallopian tubes and consequently blocks sperm
migration, causing infertility. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A sperm count below 20 million sperm
per milliliter of semen; the leading cause of infertility in men. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hormones that stimulate ovulation in
women who are not ovulating; often responsible for multiple
births. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fertilization accomplished by
depositing a partner’s or a donor’s semen into a woman’s
vagina via a thin tube; almost always done in a doctor’s
office. |
|
|
Term
| in vitro fertilization (IVF) |
|
Definition
Fertilization of an egg in a
nutrient medium and subsequent transfer back to the
mother’s body. |
|
|
Term
| gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) |
|
Definition
Procedure in
which an egg harvested from the woman’s ovary is placed with
the man’s sperm in her fallopian tube, where it is fertilized and
then migrates to the uterus for implantation. |
|
|
Term
| intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) |
|
Definition
Fertilization
accomplished by injecting a sperm cell directly into an egg. |
|
|
Term
| nonsurgical embryo transfer |
|
Definition
In vitro fertilization of a
donor egg by the male partner’s (or donor’s) sperm and
subsequent transfer to the female partner’s or another
woman’s uterus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Artificial insemination of a donor with
the male partner’s sperm; after a time, the embryo is
transferred from the donor to the female partner’s uterus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A procedure whereby an
infertile couple is able to purchase frozen embryos donated
by another couple. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Millions of microorganisms
live in and on our bodies all the time, usually in peaceful
coexistence and to our mututal benefit. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
organisms that do not
normally inhabit the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Global epidemic of a disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Strong enough to overcome host resistance and
cause disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Disease caused by interactions of
several factors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transmit a pathogen from one part of your
own body to another part. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a condition of being able
to resist a particular disease by counteracting
the substance that produces the
disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
immunoglobulins, nine chemically
distinct protein substances, each of which plays a role
in neutralizing, setting up for destruction, or actually
destroying antigens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Substance capable of triggering an immune
response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Substances produced by the body that are
individually matched to specific antigens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It considers the
size and shape of the invader, verifies that the antigen is not
part of the body itself, and then produces a specific antibody
to destroy or weaken the antigen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Posions made by bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized white blood cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a type
of phagocytic, or cell-eating, white blood cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inoculation with killed or weakened pathogens
or similar, less dangerous antigens to prevent or lessen the
effects of some disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hypersensitive reaction to a specific antigen or
allergen in the environment, in which the body produces
excessive antibodies to that antigen or allergen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chemical substance that dilates blood vessels,
increases mucous secretions, and produces other symptoms
of allergies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A chronic respiratory allergic disorder that is
most prevalent when ragweed and flowers bloom. |
|
|
Term
| bacteria (singular: bacterium) |
|
Definition
Simple, single-celled
microscopic organisms. About 100 known species of bacteria
cause disease in humans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A round bacterium, usually found in
clusters. |
|
|
Term
| toxic shock syndrome (TSS) |
|
Definition
A potentially lifethreatening
bacterial infection that is most common in
menstruating women who use tampons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A round bacterium, usually found in chain
formation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An infection of the meninges, the membranes
that surround the brain and spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Disease of the lungs characterized by chronic
cough, chest pain, chills, high fever, and fluid accumulation; may
be caused by bacteria, viruses, chemicals, or other substances. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease caused by bacterial
infiltration of the respiratory system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Damage to the stomach or intestinal lining,
usually caused by digestive juices; most ulcers result from
infection by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Minute microbes consisting of DNA or RNA that
live inside another cell and use the cell’s resources to
reproduce themselves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The time between exposure to a
disease and the appearance of symptoms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A viral disease that produces symptoms including
an itchy rash and a high fever. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A milder form of measles
that causes a rash and mild fever in children and may cause
damage to a fetus or a newborn baby. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A group of multicellular and unicellular organisms
that obtain their food by infiltrating the bodies of other
organisms, both living and dead; several microscopic varieties
are pathogenic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Microscopic single-celled organisms that can be
pathogenic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The largest of the pathogens, most of
which are more a nuisance than a threat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A recently identified self-replicating, protein-based
pathogen. |
|
|
Term
| sexually transmitted infections (STIs) |
|
Definition
Infectious
diseases transmitted through some form of intimate, usually
sexual, contact. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacterially caused STI of the urogenital tract. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Second most common STI in the United States;
if untreated, may cause sterility. |
|
|
Term
| pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) |
|
Definition
Term used to
describe various infections of the female reproductive tract. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
One of the most widespread STIs; characterized by
distinct phases and potentially serious results. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| STI caused by the herpes simplex virus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Warts that appear in the genital area or the
anus; caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). |
|
|
Term
| human papillomavirus (HPV) |
|
Definition
A group of viruses that
cause genital warts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Yeastlike fungal disease often transmitted
sexually. Also known as moniliasis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protozoan STI characterized by foamy,
yellowish discharge and unpleasant odor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Parasitic insects that can inhabit various body
areas, especially the genitals. |
|
|
Term
| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) |
|
Definition
Extremely virulent sexually transmitted disease that renders
the immune system inoperative. |
|
|
Term
| human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) |
|
Definition
The slow-acting
virus that causes AIDS. |
|
|
Term
| chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs) |
|
Definition
A collection of chronic lung diseases including asthma,
emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammation of the lining of the bronchial
tubes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A respiratory disease in which the alveoli
become distended or ruptured and are no longer functional. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tiny air sacs of the lungs where gas exchange occurs
(oxygen enters the body and carbon dioxide is removed). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A chronic respiratory disease characterized by
attacks of wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing
spasms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Disorder in which a person has numerous
episodes of breathing stoppage during a night’s sleep. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A condition characterized by localized headaches
that possibly result from alternating dilation and constriction
of blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A neurological disorder caused by abnormal
electrical brain activity; can be accompanied by altered
consciousness or convulsions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A chronic, progressive neurological
condition that causes tremors and other symptoms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A degenerative neurological
disease in which myelin, an insulator of nerves, breaks
down. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inability to produce lactase, an
enzyme needed to convert milk sugar into glucose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An inflammatory disorder that affects the
mucous membranes of the large intestine, producing bloody
diarrhea. |
|
|
Term
| chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) |
|
Definition
A condition of unknown
cause characterized by extreme fatigue that is not caused by
other illness. |
|
|
Term
| repetitive stress injury (RSI) |
|
Definition
An injury to nerves, soft
tissue, or joints due to the physical stress of repeated
motions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A common occupational injury
in which the median nerve in the wrist becomes irritated,
causing numbness, tingling, and pain in the fingers and
hands. |
|
|
Term
| cardiovascular disease (CVD) |
|
Definition
| Disease of the heart and blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A complex system consisting of the heart and blood vessels. It transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones, metabolic wastes, and enzymes throughout the body and regulates temperature, the water levels of cells, and the acidity levels of body components. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The two upper chambers of the heart, which receive blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The two lower chambers of the heart, which pump blood through the blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vessels that carry blood away from the heart to other regions of the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located between the right atrium and the right ventricle), |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery), |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between the left atrium and left ventricle), |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
between the left ventricle and the
aorta) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Branches of the arteries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Minute blood vessels that branch out from the arterioles; their thin walls permit exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products among body cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vessels that carry blood back to the heart from other regions of the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sinoatrial node (SA node) |
|
Definition
| Cluster of electricity-generating cells that acts as a natural pacemaker for the heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an abnormally high blood lipid level. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A general term for thickening and hardening of the arteries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Condition characterized by deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin in the inner lining of an artery. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Buildup of deposits in the arteries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of three or more characteristics, including abdominal obesity and high blood pressure, that can cause metabolic problems that raise CVD risk. |
|
|
Term
| myocardial infarction (MI; heart attack) |
|
Definition
| A blockage of normal blood supply to an area in the heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reduced oxygen supply to a body part or organ. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chest pain occurring as a result of reduced oxygen flow to the heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An irregularity in heartbeat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally fast heartbeat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally slow heartbeat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sporadic, quivering pattern of heartbeat that results in extreme inefficiency in moving blood through the cardiovascular system. |
|
|
Term
| congestive heart failure (CHF) |
|
Definition
| An abnormal cardiovascular condition that reflects impaired cardiac pumping and blood flow; pooling blood leads to congestion in body tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heart disease that is present at birth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A heart disease caused by untreated streptococcal infection of the throat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A condition occurring when the brain is damaged by disrupted blood supply. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A weakened blood vessel that may bulge under pressure and, in severe cases, burst. |
|
|
Term
| transient ischemic attack (TIA) |
|
Definition
| Brief interruption of the blood supply to the brain that causes only temporary impairment; often an indicator of impending major stroke. |
|
|
Term
| low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) |
|
Definition
| Compounds that facilitate the transport of cholesterol in the blood to the body’s cells and cause the cholesterol to build up on artery walls. |
|
|
Term
| high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) |
|
Definition
| Compounds that facilitate the transport of cholesterol in the blood to the liver for metabolism and elimination from the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The most common form of fat in the body;
excess calories are converted into triglycerides and stored as
body fat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sustained elevated blood pressure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The upper number in the fraction that measures blood pressure, indicating pressure on the walls of the arteries when the heart contracts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The lower number in the fraction that measures blood pressure, indicating pressure on the walls of the arteries during the relaxation phase of heart activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A record of the electrical activity of the heart; may be measured during a stress test. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A technique for examining blockages in
heart arteries. |
|
|
Term
| positron emission tomography (PET) |
|
Definition
Method for
measuring heart activity by injecting a patient with a
radioactive tracer that is scanned electronically to produce
a three-dimensional image of the heart and arteries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A surgical technique whereby a
blood vessel is implanted to bypass a clogged coronary artery. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A technique in which a catheter with a balloon
at the tip is inserted into a clogged artery; the balloon is
inflated to flatten fatty deposits against artery walls, which
allows blood to flow more freely. A stent is typically inserted
to keep the artery open. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A hormone produced by the pancreas; required
by the body for the metabolism of carbohydrates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease in which the pancreas fails
to produce enough insulin or the body fails to use insulin
effectively. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elevated blood sugar levels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A large group of diseases characterized by the
uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A new growth of tissue that serves no
physiological function and results from uncontrolled,
abnormal cellular development. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A neoplasmic mass that grows more rapidly than
surrounding tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Very dangerous or harmful; refers to a
cancerous tumor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Harmless; refers to a noncancerous tumor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Microscopic examination of tissue to determine
whether a cancer is present. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Process by which cancer spreads from one area
to different areas of the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cells that differ in form, quality, or function
from normal cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suspected cancer-causing genes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A virulent cancer of the
melanocytes (pigment-producing cells) of the skin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A procedure in which cells taken from the cervical
region are examined for abnormal cellular activity. |
|
|
Term
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
|
Definition
A device that uses
magnetic fields, radio waves, and computers to generate an
image of internal tissues of the body for diagnostic purposes
without the use of radiation. |
|
|
Term
| computed tomography scan (CT scan) |
|
Definition
A scan by a
machine that uses radiation to view internal organs not
normally visible on X-ray images. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Use of radiation to kill cancerous cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Use of drugs to kill cancerous cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| independence, and greater responsibility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(predictable daily patterns of physical,
emotional, and mental activity), |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
making healthy
choices and achieving balance. It includes reducing stress in positive ways,
keeping fit, maintaining good sexual health, and taking a sensible approach
to alcohol and other drugs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
natural narcotics that cause feelings of contentment and
happiness and help manage anxiety and depression. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased body weight in relation to height. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A technique of weight assessment
based on the relationship of weight to height. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A weight disorder characterized by an accumulation
of fat beyond that considered normal for a person based on
age, sex, and body type. Obesity is generally defined as a
body mass index of 30 or more. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(the ratio of lean body mass to fat body
mass). |
|
|
Term
| waist circumference measurement |
|
Definition
Assessment of
healthy body fat by measurement of the circumference of
the waist. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ratio that indicates increased risks due
to unhealthy fat distribution. |
|
|
Term
| hydrostatic weighing techniques |
|
Definition
Method of determining
body fat by measuring the amount of water displaced when
a person is completely submerged. |
|
|
Term
| skinfold caliper technique |
|
Definition
A method of determining
body fat whereby folds of skin and fat at various points on
the body are grasped between thumb and forefinger and
measured with calipers. |
|
|
Term
| dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) |
|
Definition
Technique
using low-dose X rays that read bone and soft tissue mass at
the same time. |
|
|
Term
| near-infrared interactance (NIR) |
|
Definition
Fiberoptic measurement
of tissue composition. |
|
|
Term
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
|
Definition
Diagnostic
technique using magnetic fields, which can be used to
measure body fat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A body fat assessment tool that
measures the air your body displaces in a sealed chamber. |
|
|
Term
| bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) |
|
Definition
A technique of
body fat assessment in which electrical currents are passed
through fat and lean tissue. |
|
|
Term
| total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) |
|
Definition
Technique
using an electromagnetic force field to assess relative body fat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An inborn physiological response to nutritional
needs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A learned response that is tied to an emotional or
psychological craving for food; often unrelated to nutritional
needs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The feeling of fullness or satisfaction at the end
of a meal. |
|
|
Term
| basal metabolic rate (BMR) |
|
Definition
The energy expenditure
of the body under resting conditions at normal room
temperature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cycles in which people repeatedly gain weight
and then starve themselves to lose weight. This lowers their
BMR, which makes regaining weight even more likely. |
|
|
Term
| social physique anxiety (SPA) |
|
Definition
| a desire to look good that has a destructive effect on a person's ability to function effectively in social interactions and relationships. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Unit of measurement indicating the amount of
energy in a particular food that can be supplied to the body. |
|
|
Term
| resting metabolic rate (RMR) |
|
Definition
The energy expenditure of
the body under BMR conditions plus other daily sedentary
activities. |
|
|
Term
| exercise metabolic rate (EMR) |
|
Definition
The energy expenditure
that occurs during exercise. |
|
|
Term
| very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs) |
|
Definition
Diets with a daily caloric
value of 400 to 700 calories. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A condition in which the body adapts to prolonged
fasting or carbohydrate deprivation by converting body fat to
ketones, which can be used as fuel for some brain activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Negative or unfair attitudes or actions stemming
from prejudice. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Eating disorder characterized by
excessive preoccupation with food, self-starvation, and/or
extreme exercising to achieve weight loss. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Eating disorder characterized by binge
eating followed by inappropriate measures, such as purging,
to prevent weight gain. |
|
|
Term
| binge eating disorder (BED) |
|
Definition
Eating disorder characterized
by recurrent binge eating, without excessive measures to
prevent weight gain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The experience of a perceived threat (real or imagined)to one's well being, resulting from a series of physiological responses and adaptations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A physcial, social, or psychological event or condition that we perceive challenges or threatens us and that produces a stress response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The series of physiological changes and adaptations that result from a stressor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The act of managing events or conditions to lessen the physical or psychological effects of excess stress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stress that presents opportunities for personal growth; positive stress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stress that can have a detrimental effect on health; negative stress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Physiological arousal response in which the body prepares to combat or escape a real or perceived threat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a balanced physical state in which all the body's systems function smoothly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form of adjustment in which the body attempts to restore homeostasis. |
|
|
Term
| General Adaptiation Syndrome (GAS) |
|
Definition
| The pattern followed in the physiological response to stress, consisting of the alarm, resistance, and exhaustion phases. |
|
|
Term
| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
|
Definition
| The portion of the central nervous system regulating body functions that a person does not normally consciously control. |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
|
Definition
| Branch of the autonomic nervous system responsible for stress arousal. |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
|
Definition
| Branch of the autonomic nervous system responsible for slowing systems stimulated by the stress response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A structure in the brain that controls the sympathetic nervous system and directs the stress response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also called adrenaline, a hormone that stiumulates body systems in response to stress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hormone released by the adrenal glands that makes stored nutrients more readily available to meet energy demands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wear and tear on the body caused by prolonged or excessive stress responses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability of the immune system to respond to assaults. |
|
|
Term
| Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) |
|
Definition
| Science of the interaction between the mind and the immune system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disease in which the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin or to use insulin effectively. |
|
|
Term
| Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
|
Definition
| An acute stress disorder caused by experiencing an extremely traumatic event, such as rape or combat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A condition in which a person feels overly pressured by demands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A state of physical and mental exhaustion caused by excessive stress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Environmental stressors of which perople are often unaware. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The interpretation and evaluation of information provided to the brain by the senses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A desire to die and thoughts about suicide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cognitive, affective, an behavioral tendencies toward anger and cynicism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A personality trait characterized by control, commitment, and the embrace of challenge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stress caused by being in an environment perceived to be beyond one's control and endangering one's well-being. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stress management technique in which a person consciously tries to prepare ahead of time for potential stressors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The modification of thoughts, ideas, and beliefs that contribute to stress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Foods substances that can produce stress-like responses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The creation of mental images to promote relaxation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A relaxation technique that involves deep breathing and concentration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A technique that involves using a machine to self-monitor physical responses to stress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to be fully present in the moment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any bodily movement that is produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles and that substantially increases energy expenditure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movement done to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to perform regular moderate to vigorous levels of physical activity without excessive fatigue. |
|
|
Term
| Cardiorespiratory Fitness |
|
Definition
| The ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to supply oxygen to skeletal muscles during sustained physical activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, which increase risk of fracture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any type of exercise that increases heart rate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The current functional status of a person's cardiovascular system; measured as VO2max. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A test of aerobic capacity administered by a physician, exercise physiologist, or other trained person; two common forms are the treadmill running test and the stationary bike test. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calculated as a percentage of maximum heart rate (220 minus age); heart rate (pulse) is taken during aerobic exercise to check whether exercise intensity is at the desired level (e.g. 60 percent of maximum heart rate.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of force that a muscle is capable of exerting. |
|
|
Term
| One repetition maximum (1 RM) |
|
Definition
| The amount of weight or resistance that can be lifted or moved once, but not twice; a common measure of strength. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A muscle's ability to exert force repeatedly without fatiguing. |
|
|
Term
| Resistance exercise program |
|
Definition
| A regular program of exercises designed to improve muscular strength and endurance in the major muscle groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased size (girth) of a muscle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Force produced without any resulting joint movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Force produced while the muscle is shortening. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Force produced while the muscle is lengthening. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The measure of the range of motion, or the amount of movement possible, at a particular joint. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Techniques that gradually lengthen a muscle to an elongated position (to the point of discomfort) and hold that position for 10 to 30 seconds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Moving parts of your body in a gradual and controlled manner, taking you to the limits of your range of motion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A variety of Indian traditions geared toward self-discipline and the realization of unity; includes forms of exercise widely practiced in the West today that promote balance, coordination, flexibility, and meditation throught postures and breathing exercises. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An ancient Chinese form of exercise, originally developed as a martial art, that promotes balance, coordination, flexibility, and stress reduction through a series of flowing postures and movements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exercise program developed by Joseph Pilates that combines stretching with movement against resistance, aided by devies duch as tension springs and heavy rubber bands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Injuries that result from the cumulative effects of the day-after-day stresses placed on tendons, muscles, and joints. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Injuries that are accidental and occur suddenly and violently (such as fractured bones, ruptured tendons, and sprained ligaments.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acronym for the standard first aide treatment for virtually all traumatic and overuse injuries: rest, ice, compression, and elevation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscle cramps that occur during or following exercise in warm or hot weather. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A heat stress illness caused by significant dehydration resulting from exercise in warm or hot conditions; frequent precursor to heatstroke. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A deadly heat stress illness resulting from dehydation and overexertion in warm or hot conditions; can cause body core temperature to rise from normal to 105 degrees F to 110 degress F in just a few minutes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Potentially fatal condition caused by abnormally low body core temperature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The physiological impulse to seek food, prompted by the lack or shortage of basic foods needed to provide the energy and nutrients that support health. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The desire to eat; normally accompanies hunger but it is more psychological than physiological. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The science that investigates the relationship between physiological function and the essential elements of foods eaten. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The constituents of food that sustain humans physiologically: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A unit of measure that indicates the amount of energy obtained from a particular food. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which the body breaks down foods and either absorbs or excretes them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal depletion of body fluids; a result of lack of water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The essential constituents of nearly all body cells; necessary for the development and repair of bone, muslce, skin, and blood; the key elements of antibodies, enzymes, and hormones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The building locks of protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nine of the basic nitrogen-containing building blocks of protein, which must be obtained from foods to ensure health. |
|
|
Term
| Complete (high-quality) proteins |
|
Definition
| Proteins that contain all nine of the essential amino acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins that lack one or more of the essential amino acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basic nutrients that supply the body with glucose, the energy form most commonly used to sustain normal activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A major type of carbohydrate, which provide short-term energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A major type of carbohydrate, which provide sustained energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Simple sugars that contain only one molecure of sugar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Combinations of two monosaccharides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complex carbohydrates formed by the combination of long chains of sugar molecules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fiber; a major form of complex carbohydrates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The polysaccharide form in which glucose is stored in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in muscles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The indigestible portion of plant foods that helps move food through the digestive system and softens stools by absorbing water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basic nutrients composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms; needed for the proper functioning of cells, insulation of body organs against shock, maintenance of body temperature, healthy skin and hair. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The most common form of fat in the body; excess calories consumed are converted into triglycerides and stored as body fat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of fat circulating in the blood that can accumulate of the inner walls of arteries, causing a narrowing of the channel through which blood flows. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cholesterol buildup on the inner walls of arteries; a major cause of atherosclerosis. |
|
|
Term
| High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) |
|
Definition
| Compounds that facilitate the transport of cholesterol in the blood to the liver for metabolism and elimination from the body. |
|
|
Term
| Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) |
|
Definition
| Compounds that facilitate the transport of cholesterol in the blood to the body's cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fats that are unable to hold any more hydrogen in their chemical structure; derived mostly from animal sources; solid at room temperature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fats that do have room for more hydrogen in their chemical sturcture; derived mostly from plants; liquid at room temperature. |
|
|
Term
| Trans fats (trans fatty acids) |
|
Definition
| Fatty acids that are produced when polyunsaturated oils are hydrogenated to make them more solid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Essential organic compounds that promote growth and help maintain life and health. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A toxic condition caused by overuse of vitamin supplements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inorganic, indestructible elements that aid physiological processes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Minerals that the body needs in fairly large amounts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Minerals that the body needs in only very small amounts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Iron-deficiency disease that results from the body's inability to produce hemoglobin. |
|
|
Term
| Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) |
|
Definition
| The average daily intakes of energy and nutrients considered adequate to meet the needs of most healthy people in the United States under usualy conditions. |
|
|
Term
| Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) |
|
Definition
| A set of nutritional values; a new combines listing, inlcuding more than 26 essential vitamins and minerals, that applies to healthy people. |
|
|
Term
| U.S. Recommended Daily Allowances (USRDA) |
|
Definition
| Dietary guidelines developed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Best estimates of nutritional needs. |
|
|
Term
| Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) |
|
Definition
| The highest amount of a nutrient that an individual can safely consume daily without risking adverse health effects. |
|
|
Term
| Reference Daily Intakes (RDIs) |
|
Definition
| Recommended amounts of 19 vitamins and minerals, also known as micronutrients. |
|
|
Term
| Daily Reference Values (DRVs) |
|
Definition
| Recommended amounts for macronutrients such as total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Percentages listed as "% DV" on food and supplement labels; made up of the RDIs and DRVs together. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A term with a variety of meanings. Vegans avoid all foods of animal origin; lacto-vegetarians do not eat meat or eggs but do eat daily products; ove-vegetarians avord flesh foods and daily products but do eat eggs; lacto-ovo-vegetarians avoid flesh foods but eat both dairy products and eggs; pesco-vegetarians avord red meat but eat fish, dairy products, and eggs; semivegetarians eat chicken, fish, dairy products, and eggs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Foods believed to have specific health benefits and/or to prevent disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substances believed to protect active people from oxidative stress and resultant tissue damage at the cellular level. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fat-soluble compounds with antioxidant properties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of vitamin B believed to decrease levels of homocysteine, an amino acid that has been linked to vascular diseases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Live microorganisms found in or added to fermented foods; they optimize the bacterial environment in our intestines. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vitamins and minerals taken by mouth that are intended to supplement existing diets. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Treating foods with gamma radiation from radioactive cobalt, cesium, or other sources of X rays to kill microorganisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Overreaction by the body to normally harmless proteins, which are perceived as allergens. In response, the body produces antibodies, triggering allergic symptoms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adverse effects resulting when people who lack the digestive chemicals needed to break down certain substances eat those substances. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Grown without use of pesticides, chemicals, or hormones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ever-changing process of achieving individual potential in the physical, social, emotional, mental, spiritual, and environmental dimensions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The achievement of the highest level of health possible in each of several dimensions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The relative incidence of disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The proportion of deaths to population. |
|
|
Term
| Activities of daily living (ADLs) |
|
Definition
| Tasks of everyday living, such as bathing and walking up and down stairs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The thinking part of psychosocial health; includes your values, attitudes, and beliefs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and burden of diseases and other health conditions among specific population groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Combined educational, organizational, policy, financial, and environmental supports to help people reduce negative health behaviors and promote positive change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behaviors that increase susceptibility to negative health outcomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Actions or behaviors designed to keep people from getting sick. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Action designed to stop problems before they start. |
|
|
Term
| Secondary prevention (Intervention) |
|
Definition
| Intervention early in the development of a health problem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Treatment and/or rehabilitation efforts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The number of exisiting cases. |
|
|
Term
| Certified Health Education Specialist (CHES) |
|
Definition
| cademically trained health educator who has passed a national competency examination for prevention and intervention programming. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The number of years a nerborn can expect to live in full health, based on current rates of illness and mortality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A set of congruent attitudes and policies that come together in a system or among individuals and enables effective work in cross-cultural situations. |
|
|
Term
| Women's Health Initiative (WHI) |
|
Definition
| National study of post-menopausal women conducted in conjunction with the NIH mandate for equal research priorities for women's health issues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Belief in one's ability to perform a task successfully. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Belief that one's own internal resources allow one to control a situation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Appraisal of the relationship between some object, action, or idea and some attribute of the object, action, or idea. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relatively stable set of beliefs, feelings, and behavioral tendencies in relation to something or someone. |
|
|
Term
| Health Belief Model (HBM) |
|
Definition
| Model for explaining how beliefs may influence behaviors. |
|
|
Term
| Theory of Reasoned Action |
|
Definition
| Model for explaining the importance of our intentions in determinding behaviors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Using a series of small steps to gradually achieve a particular goal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Practicing, through mental imagery, to become better able to perfrom an even in acutality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Learning specific behaviors by watching others perform them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attempt to influence a behavior through situations and occasions that are structured to exert control over that behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Presenting something positive following a behavior that is being reinforced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The customary manner of thinking and talking to yourself, which can impact your self-image. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The mental, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions of health. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The thinking part of psychosocial health; includes your values, attitudes, and beliefs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The feeling part of psychosocial health; includes your emotional reactions to life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intensified feelings or complex patterns of feelings we constantly experience. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aspect of psychosocial health that includes interactions with others, ability to use social supports, and ability to adapt to various situations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Degree and nature of interpersonal contacts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Network of people and services with whom you share ties and get support. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A negative evaluation of an entire group of people that is typically based on unfavorable and often wrong ideas about the group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A belief in a unifying force that gives meaning to life and transcends the purely physical or personal dimensions of existence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A web of connections, including our relationship to ourselves, to others, and to a larger meaning or purposes in life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Awareness and acceptance of the reality of the present moment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Belief that helps each person realize a unique purpose in life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Belief that allows us to look confidently and courageously to the future. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acceptance, affirmation, and respect for the self and others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The act of giving of oneself out of genuine concern for others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Families in which there is violence, physical, emotional, or sexual abuse; parent discord; or other negative family interactions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Belief in one's own ability to perform a task successfully. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sense of self-respect or self-confidence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pattern of responding to situations by giving up because of repeated failure in the past. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Teaching oneself to think optimistically. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An individual's capacity for adapting to change and stressful events in healthy and flexibly ways. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Internal and external resources and community supports that help a person be more resilient in difficult times and more likely to make positve choices and respond in positive, healthful ways. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Living within an optimal range of human functioning-one that connotes goodness, productivity, growth, and resilience. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep. |
|
|
Term
| Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) |
|
Definition
| The science that examines the relationship betweent he brain and behavior andhow this affects the body's immune system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Feeling of contentment created when one's expectations and physical, psychological, and spiritual needs have been met and one enjoys life. |
|
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Term
| Subjective well-being (SWB) |
|
Definition
| That uplifiting feeling of inner peace and wonder that we call happiness. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A sense of thankfulness and appreciation for the good things in your life as well as for life's lessons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process by which we focus on the good things that happen to us and share those things with others. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Disorders that disrupt thinking, feeling, moods, and behaviors and that impair daily functioning. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Experience of persistent sadness, despair and hopelessness. |
|
|
Term
| Major depressive disorder |
|
Definition
| Sever depression that entails chronic mood disorder, physical effects such as sleep disturbance and exhaustion, and mental effects such as the inability to concentrate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Form of depression characterized by alternating mania and depression. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Disorder charcterized by peristent feelings of threat and worry in coping with everyday problems. |
|
|
Term
| Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) |
|
Definition
| A constant sense of worry that may cause restlessness, difficulty in concentrating, tensions, and other symptoms. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Severe anxiety reaction in which a particular situation, often for unknown reasons, causes teror. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A deep and persistent fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that results in a compelling desire to avord the source of the fear. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A phobia characterized by fear and avoidance of social situations. |
|
|
Term
| Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) |
|
Definition
| A type of depression that occurs in the winter months, when sunlight levels are low. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A mental illness with biological origins that is characterized by irrational behavior, severe alterations of the sense (hallucinations), and often an inability to function in society. |
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Term
|
Definition
Relationships with family members,
friends, and romantic partners, characterized by behavioral
interdependence, need fulfillment, emotional attachment, and
emotional availability. |
|
|
Term
| Behavioral interdependence |
|
Definition
the mutual impact
that people have on each other as their lives and daily activities
intertwine. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
someone with whom we can share our feelings
freely |
|
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Term
|
Definition
someone with whom we can share
worries and concerns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
someone whom we can take care of and who
will take care of us |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| someone to help us in times of need |
|
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Term
|
Definition
someone who will reassure us of our own
worth and tell us that we matter |
|
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Term
|
Definition
the ability to give to and receive
from others emotionally without fear of being hurt or
rejected, is the fourth characteristic of intimate relationships. |
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Term
|
Definition
People present in the household during
a child’s first years of life—usually parents and siblings. |
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Term
|
Definition
a
secure, trusting attachment, similar to what we may feel for
family members or close friends. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
is a state of high arousal filled with
the ecstasy of being loved and the agony of being rejected. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Sharing personal feelings or information
with others. |
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Term
|
Definition
The “dialect,” or individual speech pattern and
communication style, of each gender. |
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Term
|
Definition
or being in the
same place at the same time. |
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Term
|
Definition
(attitudes,
values, intellect, interests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
A family in which the interaction
between family members inhibits rather than enhances
psychological growth. |
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Term
|
Definition
An aversive reaction evoked by a real or imagined
relationship involving a person’s partner and a third person. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Exclusive sexual involvement with one partner. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A series of monogamous sexual
relationships. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A relationship in which partners agree
that sexual involvement can occur outside the relationship. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Living together without being married. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Cohabitation lasting a designated
period of time (usually 7 years) that is considered legally
binding in some states. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Accepting responsibility for personal
decisions, choices, and actions. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Developing individual potential through a
balanced and realistic appreciation of self-worth and ability. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability to make and implement decisions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The degree of confidence partners feel in a
relationship. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The degree of confidence partners feel in a
relationship. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Recognition of oneself as a sexual being;
a composite of biological sex characteristics, gender identity,
gender roles, and sexual orientation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Not exhibiting exclusively male or female
primary and secondary sex characteristics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The reproductive organs in a man (testes) or
woman (ovaries). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The period of sexual maturation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The endocrine gland controlling the
release of hormones from the gonads. |
|
|
Term
| secondary sex characteristics |
|
Definition
Characteristics associated
with sex but not directly related to reproduction, such as
vocal pitch, degree of body hair, and location of fat deposits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The psychological condition of being feminine or
masculine as defined by the society in which one lives. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Process by which a society communicates
behavioral expectations to its individual members. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Expression of maleness or femaleness in
everyday life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Personal sense or awareness of being
masculine or feminine, a male or a female. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When one’s gender identity does not
match one’s biological sex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A person who is psychologically of one sex but
physically of the other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Generalizations concerning
how men and women should express themselves and the
characteristics each possesses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Combination of traditional masculine and
feminine traits in a single person. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A person’s enduring emotional,
romantic, sexual, or affectionate attraction to other
persons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Experiencing primary attraction to and
preference for sexual activity with people of the other sex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Experiencing primary attraction to and
preference for sexual activity with people of the same sex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Experiencing attraction to and preference for
sexual activity with people of both sexes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sexual orientation involving primary attraction to
people of the same sex; usually but not always applies to men
attracted to men. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sexual orientation involving attraction of women to
other women. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Negative attitudes and hostile actions
directed at social groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The mons pubis, labia majora
and minora, clitoris, urethral and vaginal openings, and the
vestibule of the vagina and its glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Region that encloses the female’s external genitalia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fatty tissue covering the pubic bone in
females; in physically mature women, the mons is covered with
coarse hair. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
“Inner lips,” or folds of tissue just inside the
labia majora. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
“Outer lips,” or folds of tissue covering the
female sexual organs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A pea-sized nodule of tissue located at the top of
the labia minora; central to sexual arousal in women. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The opening through which urine is
expelled. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thin tissue covering the vaginal opening in some
women. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tissue that forms the “floor” of the pelvic
region; it covers a kite-shaped region including the external
genitalia and anus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The vagina, uterus, fallopian
tubes, and ovaries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The passage in females leading from the vulva into
the uterus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hollow, pear-shaped muscular organ whose
function is to contain the developing fetus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Soft, spongy matter that makes up the
uterine lining. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lower end of the uterus that opens into the vagina. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Almond-sized organs that house developing eggs
and produce hormones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tubes that extend from near the ovaries to
the uterus; site of fertilization and passageway for fertilized
eggs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An area of the brain located near the
pituitary gland; works in conjunction with the pituitary gland
to control reproductive functions. |
|
|
Term
| gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
|
Definition
Hormone
that signals the pituitary gland to release gonadotropins. |
|
|
Term
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
Definition
Hormone that
signals the ovaries to prepare to release eggs and to begin
producing estrogens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hormone that signals
the ovaries to release an egg and to begin producing
progesterone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hormones secreted by the ovaries that control
the menstrual cycle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hormone secreted by the ovaries; helps
keep the endometrium developing in order to nourish a
fertilized egg; also helps maintain pregnancy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first menstrual period. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First phase of the menstrual cycle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Areas within the ovary in which individual
eggs develop. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mature ovarian follicle that contains a
fully developed ovum, or egg. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A single mature egg cell. more than one egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The point of the menstrual cycle at which a
mature egg ruptures through the ovarian wall. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Second phase of the menstrual cycle,
during which the endometrium continues to prepare for a
fertilized egg. |
|
|
Term
| human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) |
|
Definition
Hormone
that calls for increased levels of estrogen and progesterone
secretion if fertilization has taken place. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Final phase of the menstrual cycle, in
which the endometrium sloughs off, and estrogen and progesterone
levels decline in response to no fertilization having
taken place. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The permanent cessation of menstruation,
generally between the ages of 40 and 60. |
|
|
Term
hormone replacement therapy, menopausal hormone
therapy |
|
Definition
Use of synthetic or animal estrogens and
progesterone to compensate for decreases in estrogens
in a woman’s body during menopause. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The testes, epididymides, vasa
deferentia, ejaculatory ducts, urethra, and accessory glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and
Cowper’s glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Male sexual organ that releases sperm into the
vagina. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The propulsion of semen from the penis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sac of tissue that encloses the testes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Two organs, located in the scrotum, that
manufacture sperm and produce hormones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The male sex hormone manufactured in the
testes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The development of sperm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A comma-shaped structure atop the testis,
where sperm mature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A tube that stores and transports sperm
toward the penis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Storage areas for sperm where nutrient
fluids are added to them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fluid containing sperm and nutrient fluids that
increase sperm viability and neutralize vaginal acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(potential for fertilizing
an ovum). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gland that secretes nutrients and neutralizing
fluids into the semen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glands that secrete a fluid that lubricates
the urethra and neutralizes any acid remaining in the urethra
after urination. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The engorgement of the genital organs
with blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
State of not being involved in a sexual
relationship. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sexually arousing thoughts and dreams. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Self-stimulation of genitals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Areas of the body of both men and
women that, when touched, lead to sexual arousal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oral stimulation of a woman’s genitals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oral stimulation of a man’s genitals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The insertion of the penis into
the vagina. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The insertion of the penis into the anus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A sexual behavior that most
people do not engage in. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Problems associated with achieving
sexual satisfaction. |
|
|
Term
| inhibited sexual desire (ISD) |
|
Definition
Lack of sexual appetite or
simply a lack of interest and pleasure in sexual activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type of desire dysfunction characterized
by sexual phobias and anxiety about sexual contact. |
|
|
Term
| erectile dysfunction (ED) |
|
Definition
Difficulty in achieving or
maintaining a penile erection sufficient for intercourse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ejaculation that occurs prior to or
almost immediately following penile penetration of the vagina. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A woman’s inability to achieve
orgasm. |
|
|
Term
| sexual performance anxiety |
|
Definition
A condition of sexual
difficulties caused by anticipating some sort of problem
with the sex act. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pain experienced by women during
intercourse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A state in which the vaginal muscles contract
so forcefully that penetration cannot be accomplished. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Different methods of learning e.g. oral, hands-on, visual etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dyslexia, Attention Defecit Disorder etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
how many items you are able to
perceive at one time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| procedural, semantic, and episodic. |
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|
