Term
| name some things transported by fast retrograde: |
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Definition
(200mm/day on microtubules)
NGF, horse radish peroxidase (HRP), viruses/tetanus toxin |
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Term
| steps of whallarian degeneration |
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Definition
| axon cut-->cut ends retract and ball up&synaptic terminal swells (1day)-->axon degenerates and is gobbled up by macrophages and schwann cells that have differentiated into macrophages & synaptic terminals become electron dense (1 week)-->axon and distal stump cleared away & sheath cells used as conduit (1-3 months) |
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Term
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Definition
| 2-3 days post injury, cell body swells 2-fold and nucleus becomes eccentric. RER breaks up and free ribosomes increase, thus making the cell body look more pale. Cell is synthesizing machinery for repairs. If connections are made, cell will regain normal appearance, if not, cell will atrophy and die. |
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Term
| what happens to the anterograde nerve cell during whallarian degeneration? |
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Definition
| it has some chromatolysis. if connection is not re-made, the cell will atrophy. |
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Term
| during development, how do peripheral nerves survive? |
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Definition
| if they find a target, they survive. so if there are more targets (artificially put on a limb), there will be more nerve survival |
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Term
| syringomyelia occurs in ___ % of SC injury |
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Definition
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Term
| name some part of acute injury in SCI (seconds to days) |
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Definition
Mechanical/Ischemic Cellular Damage-Necrosis
Injury Discharge
Electrolytic Shifts: Na+/K+ shifts; [Ca++]I
Hemorrhage
Compression
Edema |
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Term
| name secondary processes in SCI (minutes to weeks) |
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Definition
Ischemic Cellular Damage
Electrolytic Shifts: Na+/K+ shifts ;[Ca++]I accumulation
Excitotoxicity [EAA]o accumulation
Transporter Reversal/Upregulation
Lipid Peroxidation
Free Radical Production
Apoptosis
Reactive Gliosis
Inflammation and Cytokine/chemokine release
Edema |
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Term
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Definition
Apoptosis: (Orthograde and Retrograde)
Receptor Upregulation/Activation
Scarring/Tethering
Demyelination/Conduction Deficits
Cyst Formation
Regeneration of Cut Axons
Sprouting of Intact Axons
Central Sensitization
Neural Circuit Changes |
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Term
| how can you treat: Edema, Free radical production, Activation of arachidonic acid pathway |
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Definition
Methylprednisolone+ (30 mg/kg bolus, IV over 1 hr, followed by 5, 4 mg/kg/hr for 23 hr) within 8 hrs after injury
Tirilazad mesylate * - inhibits lipid peroxidation |
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Term
| treatment for: High extracellular Glut & Asp, High intracellular Ca++ in SCI |
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Definition
| EAA receptor antagonists (NMDA, AMPA/kainate, metabotropic Glut receptors) |
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Term
| Inflammation treatment in SCI |
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Definition
| IL-10, LIF (anti-inflammatory cytokines), COX-2 inhibitors, CM101 (antiangiogenic drug used in cancer treatment), activated T-cells* |
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Term
| treatment for secondary neuronal cell death (Apoptosis) |
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Definition
| Neurotrophins (nerve/nutrition) -NGF, BDNF, NT-3, GDNF, CNTF |
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Term
| treatment for Demyelination and conduction deficits in SCI |
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Definition
4-aminopyridine * -a K channel-blocker; Riluzole*-a TTX-sens. Na channel blocker
Transplant strategies of myelinating cells* |
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Term
| treatment for: Neurite growth is only 1 mm, Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and glial scarring inhibit neurite growth |
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Definition
GM-1* -an acidic glycolipid, PEG
Neurotropins (NGF, BDNF, NT-3,GDNF)
Antibodies to neurite growth inhibitors (IN-1) NoGo trials*
Matrix proteins, Chondroitinase-ABC to dissolve proteoglycans, local irradiation/mitotic inhibitors to inhibit glial proliferation |
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Term
| treatment for: Missing circuitry, cells and factors |
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Definition
| Disassociated Schwann cells, olfactory ensheathing (OE) cells*, stem cells*, pump systems* |
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Term
| treatment for: Bridging the gap |
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Definition
| Transplant strategies: peripheral nerve grafts to bridge the gap, fetal tissue in bloc* (clinical trial) or disassociated Schwann cells, olfactory ensheathing (OE) cells*, biomatrices, stem cells* etc. |
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Term
| what makes chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in SCI? |
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Definition
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Term
| treatment for: Need to relearn motor tasks |
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Definition
| Aggressive physical therapy * |
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Term
| treatment for: Loss of bladder and bowel function, Need improved hand function |
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Definition
Sacral reconstruction, sacral stimulation of S2, S3, S4 ventral roots*
Tendon transfer, electrical stimulation of median (flexor m.) and ulnar (adductor m.) nerves* |
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Term
| treatment for: Chronic pain |
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Definition
| Indwelling pumps*, transplantation of cells that secrete analgesic substances* |
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Term
| where does adult neurogenesis take place? |
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Definition
subventricular zone-->migration to olfactory bulb
subglandular zone of the dentate gyrus |
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