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| The second part of the christian bible written originally in Greek and recording the life and teachings of Jesus and his followers. It includes the 4 gospels, acts of the apostles, 21 epistles by St. Paul and others, and the book of Revelation. |
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| Apocrypha means "things put away" or "things hidden" and was applied to books the church considered useful but not divinely inspired |
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| Set of books regarded as divinely inspired |
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| collection of early gnostic texts discovered near the upper Egyptian town of Nag Hammadi in 1945. It consists of 12 codices that include the Gospel of Thomas. |
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| collection of 972 texts from the Hebrew Bible and extra-biblical documents found b/t 1947-1956. These texts date from 150 BCE- 70 CE |
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| the King of Macedon who had one of the largest empires in ancient history after he conquered most of the eastern world. He is most remembered for his spreading of culture that is also known as Hellenization |
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| a term used to describe the spread of ancient Greek culture and to a lesser extent language that was started by Alexander the Great |
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| ruled the Seleucid Empire from 175-164 BCE and was the son of Antiochus III. He was the ruler that oversaw that Maccabean revolt |
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| Led the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid empire (167-160 BCE) and is acclaimed as one of the greatest warriors in Jewish history. Hanukkah commemorates the restoration of Jewish worship at the temple in Jerusalem |
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| ruling dynasty of Judea and surrounding regions during classical antiquity between 140-116 BCE |
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| a first century Romano-Jewish historian and hagiographer of priestly and royal ancestry. He held the belief that Judaism and Greco-Roman culture could be compatible, aka Hellenistic Judaism |
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| Beginning of Roman Empire |
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| Octavian becomes Augustus and ruler of the Roman Empire in 27 BCE |
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| Caesar (Octavian/Augustus) |
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| the first emperor of Rome who ruled from 27 BCE - 14 CE. He was originally Octavian and then took the name Augustus which means the revered one showing his divinity. |
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| Reigned as King of Judea from 37-4 BCE when he died. He was a great builder who included Hellenization in his rule (didn't set well with most Jews) and led to great prosperity (lower taxes/more trade) |
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| he was the 5th Prefect (gov) of the Roman Province of Judea from 26-36 CE. He is credited with the overseeing of Jesus' trial and cruxifiction |
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| aka The Great Revolt from 66-73 CE. The arose due to a combination of tension between Jewish/Roman religious tension and taxation. Led to the destruction of the temple in 70 CE |
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| period b/t 515 BCE and 70 CE when the second temple stood in Jerusalem |
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| the form of Judaism that became the norm after the fall of the second temple in 70 CE. It was based on the legal and commentative literature in the Talmud that set up a mode of worship and life of discipline |
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| consists of the Torah, the Prophets, and the Writings forming the covenant between God and the Jewish people that is the foundation of the Hebrew Bible also known as the Old Testament |
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| a Greek version of the Jewish scriptures redacted in the third and second centuries BCE by Jewish scholars and adopted by Greek-speaking Christians |
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| Purity symbolizes holiness in Jewish tradition whereas impurity separates one from God, meaning you have to be pure to approach God. These laws covered areas such as sex, idolatry, and unethical action |
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| a structure reserved for religious/spiritual activities such as sacrifice |
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| a Jewish house of prayer that has places to teach and study |
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| spiritual fathers of modern Judaism who believed in an Oral law God gave Moses at Sinai along with the Torah. Created the Talmud. |
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| elitists who wanted to maintain the priestly caste and also incorporated Hellenism in to their lives. Rejected the Talmud and didn't believe in an afterlife |
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| believed that the Pharisees and Sadducees had corrupted everything. Moved from Jerusalem into the desert adopting a strict diet and celibacy |
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| a place said to be settled by the Essenes where the Dead Sea Scrolls were found |
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| people from Samaria who follow a religion that is close to that of Judaism and is based on the Samaritan Torah. Claimed their worship was the true ancient religion of the israelites |
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| Messianic Expectations (2nd temple) |
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| Hope for a Davidic King who would be without sin. This messiah is designated "son of god" or "son of man" who would reunite all of the scattered tribes |
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| the belief in multiple deities, an example being the Greek Gods |
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| the combing of different beliefs that was exhibited during the Hellenistic period |
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Avatar/Incarnation-Gods in human form
Demigods/Heroes-Offspring of a god and a mortal
Deified Humans-Mortals that became immortal gods upon death |
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| Platonism, Stoics, Cynics, and Epicureans |
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| Being and becoming taught the difference between the physical world and a superior invisible one only seen by a rational mind. The forms taught patterns of particular objects or concepts. The demiurge created the cosmos with a soul in the middle and all souls are there before and after death. DEFINITION:The primary concept is the Theory of Forms. The only true being is founded upon the forms, the eternal, unchangeable, perfect types, of which particular objects of sense are imperfect copies. |
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| Pantheism is the view that God is everything. Determinism is the view that all things are pre-determined. The world cycles through the same history over and over. DEFINITION:Stoicism teaches the development of self-control and fortitude as a means of overcoming destructive emotions; the philosophy holds that becoming a clear and unbiased thinker allows one to understand the universal reason (logos). |
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| Gods exist but play no role in human affairs. No personality survives death. There is no afterlife so purpose must be found in life. DEFINITION: Epicureanism emphasizes the neutrality of the gods, that they do not interfere with human lives. It states that gods, matter, and souls are all made up of atoms. Souls are made from atoms, and gods possess souls, but their souls adhere to their bodies without escaping. Humans have the same kind of souls, but the forces binding human atoms together do not hold the soul forever. |
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wandering preachers who wore cloaks, carried sticks, and a satchel who taught the simple life and used shock to convert people. DEFINITION:
- The goal of life is happiness which is to live in agreement with Nature.
- Happiness depends on being self-sufficient, and a master of mental attitude.
- Self-sufficiency is achieved by living a life of Arete.
- The road to arete is to free oneself from any influence such as wealth, fame, or power, which have no value in Nature.
- Suffering is caused by false judgments of value, which cause negative emotions and a vicious character.
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| Seek where, when, who, for whom, and why something was written. The goal is to understand what the author meant and what readers would have understood |
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| concerned with the removal of transcription errors in the texts of manuscripts that were made by ancient scribes |
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| seeks to determine a units original form and the historical context of the literary tradition |
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| theory that different copyists and commentators of the early biblical writings embellished and altered the biblical texts throughout early Jewish and Christian history to make them appear more miraculous, inspirational, and legitimate |
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| treats text as a story to focus on narrative structure and composition, plot development, themes, motifs, characters, and characterization. |
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| a prose narrative recounting an individuals life, often within a chronological framework, employing numerous subgenres to show character for purpose of instruction, exhortation, or propoganda |
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| The hypothesis states that both Matthew and Luke had Mark as a source but also had Q as a source that they both took from |
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| common material found in Matthew and Luke but not in Mark. This text supposedly contained the quotations from Jesus |
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