Genus name (capitalized) species name lower case

Genus name can be abbreviated to single initial letter

Should be italicized or underlined

What is a covalent bond? ionic bond? hydrogen bond?

covalent=polar(unequal sharing) non polar (equal sharing.  The electrons are shared here.  This is the strongest bond.

ionic=a positive and negative attraction, one donates an electron, there is a charge attraction

hydrogen=involve atoms participating in polar covalent bonds charge attraction.  These are the weakest bonds 

acid=pH<7

base=pH>7

buffer makes pH more neutral

Describe the classes of organic molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (monomers and polymers)

carbohydrates=monosaccharides, the structural component of plant cell wall; storage products

lipids=varied subunits, important in the structure of cell membranes

proteins=subunit amino acid function is to catalyze the structural portion of many components

nucleic acids=subunit nucleotides, function is RNA, various roles in protein synthesis, DNA carrier of genetic information

primary=amino acid sequence is the order in which amino acids occur

secondary=alpha helix bonds and beta sheets

tertiary=interactions of secondary elements

quaternary=complex subunits of polypeptides

When denaturation happens protein structure is messed up due to

1.  increased temp

2.  altered pH acid/base

3.  altered salt concentration

4.  chemical agents ie. alcohol

simple=one color(positive) aqueous or alcohol solution of single basic dye/mythylene blue, carol fushsin, crystal violet, safranin(negative) cells are always white no heat fixation or artifacts reveals capsules, good for measurements, nigrosine(acidic dye-negatively charged)

endospore=special structures, primary stain is malochite green and heat

Gram=picks up differences in cell wall compositon

acid-fast=binds only to bacteria with waxy cell walls

These are all prokaryotic cells

coccus=spherical-shaped bacterial cell

bacillus=cylindrical-shaped bacterium; also referred to as a rod

vibrio=short, curved rod-shaped bacterial cell

spirochete=type of long helical cell with a flexible cell wall and an axial filament

single=by itself

diplo=two

strepto=backwards

prokaryotes

1.  all bacteria and archea

2.  smaller than eukaryotic cells

3.  they multiply more rapidly eukaryotic cells

4.  they are more vulnerable to predators and parasites

eukaryotes

1.  cells of all animals, plants, protozoa, fungi, and algae are eukaryotic

2.  eukaryotic cells are more complex

3.  are defined by the presence of a membrane bound nucleus, which contains chromosomes

Molecule formed by bonding of lipids to polysaccharide; a part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria

Lipid A=the portion that anchors the LPS molecule in the lipid bilayer

O-polysaccharide=is the portion of LPS directed away from the membrane, at the end opposite that of lipid A

positive

1.  Thick layer of peptidoglycan

2.  It is made up of many sheets of interconnected glycan chains

3.  Transmission electron photomicrograph of a typical Gram-positive cell

negative

1.  Thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane

2.  The peptidoglycan layer is made up of only one or two sheets interconnected chains

3.  The lipid A portion which anchors the LPS molecule in the lipid layer is responsible for the symptoms associated with endotoxin.

4.  A transmission electron micrograph of a typical Gram-negative cell wall

viscous fluid with in a cell