Term
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Definition
| The human overuse of a population of organisms to the extent that threatens its viability or radically alters the natural community in which it lives. |
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Term
| North American Pleistocene Extinction |
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Definition
| Humans arrived in N.A., extinction of large mammals (horses, sloth, mammoths). |
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Term
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Definition
| Humans arrive on Madagascar, extinction of small hippo, giant lemur, elephant bird. |
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Term
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Definition
| Humans arrive on New Zealand, extinction of 11 species of moa. |
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Term
| North American Extinction |
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Definition
| Europeans arrive in N.A., extinction of passenger pigeon, carolina parakeet, near extinction of bison, deer, beavers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pet trade, shark tournaments, bushmeat, cetacean harvesting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bycatch, sea turtles, dolphins, fish. |
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Term
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Definition
| Turtle exclusion devices, spotters on boats, fishing method restrictions, avoiding certain areas. |
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Term
| Effect of Overexploitation |
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Definition
| Reduction of population size, not all individuals equally impacted (largest/healthiest/highest reproductive capacity/single sex taken) |
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Term
| Maximum Sustainable Yield |
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Definition
| Natural populations produce more offspring than can survive, surplus = MSY. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Bushmeat harvesting in Ghana, sustainable yield. |
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Term
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Definition
| Native to a particular area. |
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Term
| Exotic/Alien/Non-Native Species |
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Definition
| Species occuring outside of their native range due to human activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exotic species that are increasing in population size at the expense of native species. |
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Term
| Invasive Species Characteristics |
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Definition
| No natural predator, adapted to disturbance, high reproductive rates, short generation time, high dispersal, clonal reproduction, high genetic diversity, phenotypic plasticity, broad range, generalists, human commensals. |
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Term
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Definition
| One species benefits, other unaffected. |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar climate, more opportunity to spread through trade, long association w/ humans, repeated invasions. |
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Term
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Definition
| More vulnerable to invasives, low #s of species, isolated, relictual species, low diversity, absence of predators or fires. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dutch Elm Disease, American Chestnut Blight, Chytridiomycosis, White-nose Syndrome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungus spread by bark beetles, eliminated American Elm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungus, elminated most common eastern deciduous tree (American Chestnut). |
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Term
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Definition
| Chytrid fungus - Batrachochytridium dendrobatidis, infects frog skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Geomycus destructans, 96-100% declines in bat populations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Entire population wiped out by lighthouse keepers pet cat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aggressive, attack bobwhite nestlings, compete for food. $500 million in damage in Texas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Introduced in ballast water, block up pipes, filter and deplete all organic materials from water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aphid-like insect, feeds on hemlock sap. |
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Term
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Definition
| Feeds on grain, fouls buildings, reservoir for disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Introduced by Shakespeare nut, human commensals, compete with/displace native species. |
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Term
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Definition
| Only rat in North America, introduced on earliest voyages. |
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Term
| Japanese Stiltgrass and Japanese Knotweed |
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Definition
| Used as packing material, outcompete native plants. |
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Term
| Population Viability Analysis |
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Definition
| Model the probability of a population of a specific size surviving for a given amount of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Harvest rate, mortality, fecundity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Important for species close to extinction or being overexploited. Providing resources, controlling threats, establishing new populations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Food, nest sites, water, social stimulation. Can lead to dependency, concentration of individuals increasing disease and predation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Colonial sea birds need social stimulation to begin reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Human threats (overexploitation, wind turbines) and threats from other species. |
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Term
| Establishment of New Populations |
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Definition
| Reintroduction, augmentation, and introduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Releasing individuals in suitable sites within former range. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adding individual to existing population, increases genetic diversity and pop. size. |
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Term
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Definition
| Raising young in captivity until they get past most vulnerable stage in life cycle (brook trout). |
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Term
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Definition
| Release of individuals into habitat outside of native range (Tuataras). |
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Term
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Definition
| They already know how to survive, but depletes natural populations, spreads disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Easier to handle, healthy individuals, never learned how to survive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abrupt releases from captivity without special assistance. |
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Term
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Definition
| With assitance (food, shelter, water, protection), promotes survival and prevents explosive release. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapid dispersal after being released. |
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Term
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Definition
| Excellent habitat, within historical range, wild caught, herbivores, many released. |
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Term
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Definition
| As many sites as possible, as many seeds/seedlings as possible, reintroduce in multiple years. |
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Term
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Definition
| Over-collected by botanists, trampled by hikers. Reintroduction w/ education, signs, propogation and transportation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Captively bred from 18 individuals to 2,500. |
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Term
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Definition
| All wild individuals caught and bred. 200 in San Diego Zoo and 200 in wild. |
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