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| process information , sense nevironment , communicate to toher neurons |
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| insulate, support and nourish neurons , pariticpatei n enurotransmission |
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| transport neurotransmitters to presynaptic terminal (from cell body to end of axon) |
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| toward cell body, return of degraded materials. Many toxins transported this way. |
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| presynpatmic terminal to postsynaptic cell- transmitter is released , ion channels are opened and closed- chang occurs which results in change in polarization. |
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| variations on synatpic trnsmission |
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| mainly axodendtrici, but also include axosomatic ,axoaxonic, dnedrrodendritic. |
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| based on neurites- unipolar, bipolar, multipolar. |
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| classifcation of neurons continued |
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| afferants (sensory, motor-eferents, carryi nfo away from Cns, interneurons- begin and end within the cns. |
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| glial cell- lien fluid fileld cavities of the brain (ventricls) and the central canal of spinal cord. Participate in CNS production. |
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| phagocytes, activea fteri njury, infection or disaease |
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| cns:astrocytes oligodendrocytes, PNS, schwann cells , satelite cells |
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| most numerous cells in CNS, blood-brain barrier, glial membrane (outermost membrane of brain), electrolyte balance, neurotrophic factors, isolate nerons and synapses, remove neurotransmitters from syanptic clefts, respond to injury (produce scar tissue, inhibit axon grwoth). |
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| myelin-producing glial cells |
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| oligodendrocytes (CNS), schwann cells (PNS) . |
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| mulstiple sclerosis : autoimmuen disorder oligdoendoglial melin attackd . Gullian bare: viral infection and peripheral nerves. |
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| area of spike initation , different in sensory cell. |
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| voltage gated or ligand gates. Chemical transmission is ligand transmitted. Voltage gated-subserve action potentilal.change in voltage neables it to be open to ion movements. Ligand requires presence of neurotransmitters |
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| carried by influx of sodium, potassium chanels open up slowly so tht potassium can exit the cell. |
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| currrnt leaks out potentially into neighboring axons. |
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| tight junction usually used for rhythm associated changes. |
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| chloride channel opening allowing chloride to enter the cell. |
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| many AP potentials entering at same time . |
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| oen Ap repetedly firing and beign received. Both will lead to sumation at axon hillock, to decide whether AP should be produced. |
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| reectpro linekd direclty to ion channels. |
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| The receptor itsefl is not liekd to ion channels. g-protein or second messenger system conenction to ion channels. |
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| amino acid neurotransmitters inhibitory |
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Definition
| gaba (cns) and glycine (spinal). |
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| gabaA-ionotropci- cl- channel. GabaB- metabotropic- opening potassium and closing calcium channels |
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| excitatory amino acid . contaiend in 50 percent of all neurons. Receptor ; NMDA, kainate, and ampa also.. important in leranignmemory |
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| in glial cel changed from glutamate to glutamien then sent to preysnpatic cell where ti is changed from glutamine to glutamate, and si then released to postsynaptic ecll |
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| AMPA NMDA, and kiante receptor ion entry |
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Definition
| AMPA and kainate receptors allow sodium and potassium, whereas NMDA allows those two ions plus Calcium to enter. |
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Definition
| is both ligantd gated and voltage gated. Magnesium blocks pore, so even with glutamate is bound, no effect wil lhappen until the receptor is also depolarized. Basis of learning. |
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| increased gaba activity ,decreasing sensitivity (more alcohol needed for feeling of sedtion), also blocks nmda receptors- increased number receptors- agitation aassociatedwith alochol withdrawal. |
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Definition
| diue to impaired atp generation more glutamte can be relased. . Glutamate chanels allwo calcium to leak ito cells- too much calcium causes icnreased wateru ptake and stimultion of intracellular enzymes that degrade cellular compontents. also seizrueactivity |
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| projectst Ach to cortex and tahlamus, amygdala, hippocampus : areas asosciated with learning/memroy (associated with alzheimers) |
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| dorsolateral pontine tegmentum |
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| another location of acetcholyine projection :projects itn ocerebellu mspinal cord and forebrain (sleepwake cycles). |
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| catacheolmaine derivation |
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| localized in substantia nigra of midbrain and ventral tegmental area . Involvedi n motor contorl(substantia nigra) ( deficit in naprkingsons). Also reltaed to drug abuse (reward system activating dopamainergic pathways in vetnral tementum) . spreads throughout cortex |
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| originates in locus coeruleus (brainstem) , projects to forebrain area (cerbellum, spinal cord and cortex), post-ganglionc cells fo the sympathetic nervous system (sleep=wake, attention and feeding). |
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| located in medulla- project to thalamus and hypothalamus. |
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cells originate in pons and midbrain- raphe nuclei . Project to cortical regions.and spinal cord.
mood disorders adn sleep-wake cycles. |
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| invovledi n vestibualr activity ,sleep-wake cycles, originates fro hypothalamus porjects to all ares of brain and spinal cord. |
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| Enkephalin- Located in spnal cord, regulate pain. Beta endrophin- produced in hypothalamus, sned projections to gray fo the brain stem, regulates pain-analgesia, morphien is agonist. |
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Definition
| produces pain, sensory cells that projectto spinal cord. |
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Term
| unconventional neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| neurotransmitters- calcium can activate releae. Not stored in synaptic vesicels orreleased by exocsytosis. Examples : nitrc Oxides and Endocannabinidoids. |
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| ependymal cells (choroid epithelium) capilaries pia mater |
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| dopamine,epineprhine,norepinerphine. - derived from tyrosine |
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